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Bio 208 > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the Soil

A

complex mixture of organic and nonliving inorganic material upon which most terrestrial life depends
- biodiversity hotspot

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2
Q

How do Soils form

A

Mechanical or Chemical Weathering

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3
Q

What is Mechanical Weathering

A

Breakdown of rock (parent material) into smaller particles by water, wind and plant growth (roots)

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4
Q

What is Chemical Weathering

A

breakdown of limestone (solution) and rock (hydrolysis) by acidic rainwater

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5
Q

What are layers of the soil

A

Organic (O), Surface (A), Subsoil (B), Substratum (C) then Bedrock/Parent material (R)

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6
Q

Organic Layer (O)

A

Plant litter (directly below layer)

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7
Q

Surface (A)

A

High organic content and root density

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8
Q

Subsoil (B)

A
  • less organic content and root density, materials from A leached into B
  • can have sublayers
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9
Q

Substratum (C)

A

almost no organic content, weathered parent material including sand, silt, clay and rock

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10
Q

Parent Material/Bedrock (R)

A
  • weathered by frost, water, microbes, and DEEP roots
  • roots don’t grow through bedrock
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11
Q

What do soil organisms do

A
  • form soil structure
  • regulate soil moisture (hyphae)
  • vital in nutrient cycling
  • decompose dead matter (plants & animals)
  • gas exchange
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12
Q

What are the aquatic zones

A

Pelagic: entire water column
Benthic: on the bottom of aquatic environments

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13
Q

What is the Epipelagic ocean zone

A

surface - 200m depth

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14
Q

What is the Mesopelagic ocean zone

A

200 - 1000m depth

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15
Q

What is the Bathypelagic ocean zone

A

1000 - 4000m depth

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16
Q

What is the Abyssal ocean zone

A

4000 - 6000m depth

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17
Q

What is the Hadal Ocean zone

A

> 6000m depth
-think of Hades

18
Q

What’s an example of Coastal upwelling

A

Phytoplankton blooms off the coasts (red tide)

19
Q

What is Limnology

A

the study of inland aquatic systems
- ecology of running waters and still waters

20
Q

Horizontal Parts of Running water systems

A

Wetted Channel, Active Channel (water moves through substrate), Riparian zone (groundwater; roots of trees)

21
Q

Vertical parts of running water systems

A

Water Column, Benthic Zone, Hyporheic zone (surface water meets ground water), Phreatic zone (Ground water; under surface)

22
Q

Horizontal parts of still water systems

A

Littoral zone (along lake edge)
Limnetic zone (open lake)

23
Q

Vertical Parts of Still Water systems

A

Epilimnion: warm layer
Metalimnion: rapid decrease in temp
Hypolimnion: dark, cold, low O2 due to decomposition of organic matter

24
Q

Types of Lakes

A

Eutrophic, Dystrophic (looks like teawater), Oligotrophic (really clear, blue lake)
- goes from highest to lowest productivity

25
Q

Types of Wetlands

A

Bogs: rainwater source, acidic, lumpy, diverse vegetation
Fens: groundwater source, variable pH, flat, low plant diversity
- Fens = Flat

26
Q

Niche

A

Environmental conditions in which an organism can survive, grow and reproduce

27
Q

Fundamental Niche

A

Physical conditions under which a species might live in the absence of interactions with other species

28
Q

Realized Niche

A

Environmental conditions under which a species might live when restricted by interactions with other species

29
Q

What’s n-dimensional hyper volume

A

n = number of environmental factors important to survival and reproduction

30
Q

Why characterize niches

A

allows us to predict where we might find a species

31
Q

How we characterize niche

A

Climate modelling: temp, precipitation, seasonality
Behavioural observations

32
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

No 2 species can occupy the exact same realized niche; eventually one will outcompete

33
Q

Niche partitioning

A

species in a community use limiting factors (resources) in diff ways, occupy diff realized niches and coexist

34
Q

What is a species

A

name and classification humans give to living things
grouped based on morphological, biological and phylogenetic species concept

35
Q

Morphological Species concept

A

species grouped by morphological similarities (look the same)
i.e. same # of legs

36
Q

Biological species concept

A

groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated

37
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

prezygotic (before fertilization) and postzygotic barriers

38
Q

Prezygotic Barriers

A

Ecological, Temporal, Behavioural and Mechanical isolating mechanisms

39
Q

Postzygotic Barriers

A

Hybrid inviability (zygote and embryo can’t develop)
Hybrid Sterility

40
Q
A

Bio 208 (8 decks)

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