lecture 3

Question 1

Null Hypothesis

Answer 1

patterns you see in your data due to random chance
no relationship between variables

Question 2

Alternative Hypothesis

Answer 2

patterns you see in your data due to an effect of “treatment” (experiment)
relationship between variables

Question 3

Scientific Hypothesis

Answer 3

Broad concept, Directionality, Mechanism: decides how your testing

Question 4

Latitude

Answer 4

parallels that indicate north/south position
0 degrees lat. = equator

Question 5

Longitude

Answer 5

meridians indicating east/west position
0 degrees = prime meridian

Question 6

Degrees of North/South Poles

Answer 6

North/South are 90 degrees latitude (maximum)

Question 7

Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn

Answer 7

Tropics are the maximum latitudes where the sun is directly overhead
23 degrees lat

Question 8

Weather

Answer 8

day to day state of atmosphere
rainy, sunny, cloudy, etc.

Question 9

Climate

Answer 9

Long-term average of weather ~30 years
mean annual temp., sum of annual precipitation

Question 10

Solar incidence

Answer 10

diff parts of the planet receive diff amounts of solar energy depending on latitude
equator (high solar energy) vs poles (low solar energy)

Question 11

Global air circulation

Answer 11

driven by Hadley, Ferrel and Polar cells

Question 12

Warm vs Cold air

Answer 12

Warm rises and absorbs more moisture
Cool descends and is dry

Question 13

Hadley Cells

Answer 13

form due to warm air rising, cooling & forming condensation at the equator
air along ground moves towards equator

Question 14

30 degrees latitude

Answer 14

Deserts form because of the descending cool air from Hadley cells warm up and absorb moisture

Question 15

Ferrel Cells

Answer 15

Not maintained by warming or cooling effects, but rather by the strong energy of the other cells
air along ground moves away from equator

Question 16

Polar Cells

Answer 16

like Hadley Cells: formed due to warming and cooling of air
air along ground moves toward equator

Question 17

Coriolis effect

Answer 17

Atmospheric masses do not move N to S in straight lines but are tilted

Question 18

Coriolis effect on Northern hemisphere

Answer 18

Winds in the Northern hemisphere deflected to the right of their direction of travel

Question 19

Coriolis effect on Southern hemisphere

Answer 19

Winds in the southern Hemisphere deflected to the left of their direction of travel

Question 20

Direction of spinning storms

Answer 20

spins CCW in the northern hemisphere
spins CW in the southern hemisphere

Question 21

Gyres

Answer 21

horizontally circulating major water currents in oceans
driven by winds, Coriolis effect and land masses

Question 22

Ekman spiral

Answer 22

• Coriolis also moves water vertically
• force of wind on water diminishes and changes direction in deeper waters
• net transport of water vertically will be 90 degrees different than the surface wind direction

Question 23

Coastal Upwelling

Answer 23

• wind-driven off-shore movement of water
• deeper (nutrient rich) waters replace water near shore