lecture 5**** Flashcards
2 main components of bodily fluid
- 2/3 ICF
- 1/3 ECF
- Interstitial fluid: 80% of the ECF found between cells
- Plasma: 20% of the ECF found in the blood
function of blood
- Transport
○ Nutrients (oxygen + glucose)
○ Wastes (CO2 + urea)
○ Hormones - Regulation
○ Of body temp.
○ pH
○ Water balance - Protection
○ Of body by clotting
- Immune system
what is blood?
- Liquid connective tissue
- Males up 8% of the body
- About 5.5L in men, 5L in women
- Contains
- Formed elements (45%) + plasma (55%)
composition of blood
- plasma, buffy coat, erythrocytes
plasma components
- Plasma is white stuff on top (55%)
- Most water (92%)
- Some proteins (7%)
- Solutes (electrolytes, wastes, nutrients)
describe buffy coat
- buffy coat- middle part that is composed of white blood cells + platelet
- White cells + platelets
- <1% of blood cell volume
describe erythrocytes
- red blood cells (45%) on bottom
- Called the haematocrit or packed cell volume
fluid constituents
- intracellular fluid
- ECF: interstitial fluid + plasma
describe intracellular fluid
- 28L
- Na+ is lowest
- Lots of K+
- Most anions is proteins + phosphate
- Is the ICF
describe interstitial fluid
- 11L
- no proteins
plasma
- 3L
- Is pretty much the same as the interstitial fluid, except that it has plasma proteins that contribute to osmotic pressure of blood
describe ECF
- Is plasma + interstitial fluid
- Lots of Na2+
- Most anions is chlorine
- Lots of Na2+
plasma vs serum
- Serum
- Liquid that remains after the blood has clotted
- Serum is basically plasma WITHOUT clotting factors
- Plasma
- Liquid that remains when clotting is prevented with the addition of a anticoagulant
molarity vs osmolarity
- Molarity
- Conc. Of something specific in solution (e.g. NaCl)
- Osmolarity
- Conc. Of osmotically active particles in solution
- There is a formula, refer to OneNote
- Conc. Of osmotically active particles in solution
describe blood
refer to onenote
-Whole blood (8%)- plasma (55%) + formed elements (45%)
* Plasma- proteins (7%) + water (91.5%) + other solutes (1.5%)
* Formed elements- (platelets (150000-400000) + white blood cells (5000-10000) + red blood cells (4.8 + 5.4 million)
* Proteins- albumins (54%) + globulins (38%) + Fibrinogen (7%) + All others (1%)
* Other solutes- electrolytes, nutrients, gases, regulatory substances, waste products
* White blood cells- neutrophils (60-70%) + lymphocytes (20-25%) + monocytes (3-8%) + eosinophils (2-4%) + Basophils (0.5-1%)
Other fluids + tissues (92%)
5 different kinds of white blood cells
- Neutrophils
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
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plasma proteins: albumins
- 54% of total plasma proteins
- Smallest + most numerous
- Transport proteins
- Contribute to colloid osmotic pressure
plasma proteins: globulins
- 38% of total plasma proteins
- Alpha + beta globulins
- Large transport proteins for iron, lipids, fat-soluble vitamins
- Blood clotting factors
- Inactive precursors
- Note: y-globulins are immunoglobulins, antibodies help attack viruses + bacteria
plasma protein: fibrinogen
- 7% plasma proteins (non-globular)
- Essential blood clotting protein
- NOT in serum
process of withdrawing blood
- Prick finger + collect a small amount of blood using a micropippette
- Place a drop of blood on a slide
- Using a second slide, pull the drop of blood across the first slides surface, leaving a thin layer of blood on the slide
- After the blood dries, apply a stain briefly and rinse, place a coverslip on top
- When viewed under the microscope, blood smear reveals the components of the formed elements
what is the production of blood cells called
haematopoiesis
describe pluripotent stem cells
- Differentiate into each of the different types of blood cells
- Red blood cells + platelets- remains steady
White blood cells- no. Can change in response to stimulus - refer to onenote
formation of blood cells
- Formed from myeloid + lymphoid stem cells, derived from pluripotent stem cells
- Production of individual cell lines controlled by specific hormones
what types of cells do myeloid + lymphoid stem cells give?
- Megakaryocytes
§ Produce platelets - Reticulocytes
§ Produces erythrocytes - Granulocytes
§ Eosinophil, basophile, neutrophils
§ Monocytes - Lymphoid stem cells, give
§ Lymphocyte sin blood
§ Lymphocytes in lymphoid tissue
what is leucocyte formation called
leucopoiesis
describe erythrocytes
- Are red because of haemoglobin
- 5mill/microliter
- Is a bi-concave disc shape, 8 micrometres across
- Has no nucleus, mitochondria or ribosomes- so cannot make new proteins or carry out aerobic metabolism
describe leukocytes
- Part of the immune system + function, mostly outside the circulation
- Destroys bacteria + viruses by phagocytosis or other means
- Identify + destroy cancer cells
- Remove dead + injured cells
- WBC contain a nucleus + organelles, but no haemoglobin
- May live for several months or yrs
leukocytes are classified as
- Granular
- Containing vesicles that appear when the cells are stained
- Agranular
- Containing no granules
describe diapedesis
- White blood cells are able to leave through the walls of capillaries (blood stream) + collect at sites of invasion
- chemotaxis (cell death, tissue damage, microbial invasion, all cause release of chemotactic factors
- Adhesion molecules (selectins + integrins) assist the emigration of WBC from the bloodstream into interstitial fluid
- As expressing proteins, start to stick to side of blood vessel and roll, until eventually too stick to move, then, then eventually squeezes between endothelial cells
types of granulocytes
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
types of agranulocytes
- Monocytes
- ‘tissue scavengers’
- Lymphocytes
- B-lymphocytes produce antibodies
- T-lymphocytes produce cellular immunity
what is too many/little WBC no. called
- Leukocytosis (too many)
- Normal protective response to stresses such as infection
- Leukopenia (not enough)
- Never beneficial + may be caused by many factors such as radiation, shock, toxic chemicals, HIV
what does high/low count of neutrophils mean?
- High count: bacterial infection, burns, stress
- Low count: radiation exposure, Drug toxicity
what does high/low count of lymphocytes mean?
- High count: viral infections
- Low count: prolonged illness, HIV infection
what does high/low count of monocytes mean?
- High count: viral or fungal infections, tuberculosis
- Low count: bone marrow suppression
what does high/low count of eosinophils mean?
- High count: allergic reactions, parasitic infections
- Low count: drug toxicity, stress, allergic reactions
what does high/low count of basophils mean?
- High count: allergic reactions, cancer
- Low count: pregnancy, ovulation, stress
