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MP > lecture 5**** > Flashcards

lecture 5**** Flashcards

1
Q

2 main components of bodily fluid

A
  • 2/3 ICF
  • 1/3 ECF
  • Interstitial fluid: 80% of the ECF found between cells
  • Plasma: 20% of the ECF found in the blood
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2
Q

function of blood

A
  • Transport
    ○ Nutrients (oxygen + glucose)
    ○ Wastes (CO2 + urea)
    ○ Hormones
  • Regulation
    ○ Of body temp.
    ○ pH
    ○ Water balance
  • Protection
    ○ Of body by clotting
    - Immune system
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3
Q

what is blood?

A
  • Liquid connective tissue
    • Males up 8% of the body
    • About 5.5L in men, 5L in women
    • Contains
      - Formed elements (45%) + plasma (55%)
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4
Q

composition of blood

A
  • plasma, buffy coat, erythrocytes
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5
Q

plasma components

A
  • Plasma is white stuff on top (55%)
  • Most water (92%)
  • Some proteins (7%)
  • Solutes (electrolytes, wastes, nutrients)
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6
Q

describe buffy coat

A
  • buffy coat- middle part that is composed of white blood cells + platelet
  • White cells + platelets
  • <1% of blood cell volume
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7
Q

describe erythrocytes

A
  • red blood cells (45%) on bottom
  • Called the haematocrit or packed cell volume
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8
Q

fluid constituents

A
  • intracellular fluid
  • ECF: interstitial fluid + plasma
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9
Q

describe intracellular fluid

A
  • 28L
  • Na+ is lowest
  • Lots of K+
  • Most anions is proteins + phosphate
  • Is the ICF
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10
Q

describe interstitial fluid

A
  • 11L
  • no proteins
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11
Q

plasma

A
  • 3L
  • Is pretty much the same as the interstitial fluid, except that it has plasma proteins that contribute to osmotic pressure of blood
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12
Q

describe ECF

A
  • Is plasma + interstitial fluid
    • Lots of Na2+
      • Most anions is chlorine
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13
Q

plasma vs serum

A
  • Serum
    • Liquid that remains after the blood has clotted
    • Serum is basically plasma WITHOUT clotting factors
  • Plasma
    - Liquid that remains when clotting is prevented with the addition of a anticoagulant
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14
Q

molarity vs osmolarity

A
  • Molarity
    • Conc. Of something specific in solution (e.g. NaCl)
  • Osmolarity
    • Conc. Of osmotically active particles in solution
      • There is a formula, refer to OneNote
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15
Q

describe blood

A

refer to onenote
-Whole blood (8%)- plasma (55%) + formed elements (45%)
* Plasma- proteins (7%) + water (91.5%) + other solutes (1.5%)
* Formed elements- (platelets (150000-400000) + white blood cells (5000-10000) + red blood cells (4.8 + 5.4 million)
* Proteins- albumins (54%) + globulins (38%) + Fibrinogen (7%) + All others (1%)
* Other solutes- electrolytes, nutrients, gases, regulatory substances, waste products
* White blood cells- neutrophils (60-70%) + lymphocytes (20-25%) + monocytes (3-8%) + eosinophils (2-4%) + Basophils (0.5-1%)
Other fluids + tissues (92%)

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16
Q

5 different kinds of white blood cells

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils

Be Everyone’s Least Menacing Nemo

17
Q

plasma proteins: albumins

A
  • 54% of total plasma proteins
  • Smallest + most numerous
  • Transport proteins
  • Contribute to colloid osmotic pressure
18
Q

plasma proteins: globulins

A
  • 38% of total plasma proteins
  • Alpha + beta globulins
  • Large transport proteins for iron, lipids, fat-soluble vitamins
  • Blood clotting factors
  • Inactive precursors
  • Note: y-globulins are immunoglobulins, antibodies help attack viruses + bacteria
19
Q

plasma protein: fibrinogen

A
  • 7% plasma proteins (non-globular)
  • Essential blood clotting protein
  • NOT in serum
20
Q

process of withdrawing blood

A
  1. Prick finger + collect a small amount of blood using a micropippette
  2. Place a drop of blood on a slide
  3. Using a second slide, pull the drop of blood across the first slides surface, leaving a thin layer of blood on the slide
  4. After the blood dries, apply a stain briefly and rinse, place a coverslip on top
  5. When viewed under the microscope, blood smear reveals the components of the formed elements
21
Q

what is the production of blood cells called

A

haematopoiesis

22
Q

describe pluripotent stem cells

A
  • Differentiate into each of the different types of blood cells
  • Red blood cells + platelets- remains steady
    White blood cells- no. Can change in response to stimulus
  • refer to onenote
23
Q

formation of blood cells

A
  • Formed from myeloid + lymphoid stem cells, derived from pluripotent stem cells
  • Production of individual cell lines controlled by specific hormones
24
Q

what types of cells do myeloid + lymphoid stem cells give?

A
  • Megakaryocytes
    § Produce platelets
  • Reticulocytes
    § Produces erythrocytes
  • Granulocytes
    § Eosinophil, basophile, neutrophils
    § Monocytes
  • Lymphoid stem cells, give
    § Lymphocyte sin blood
    § Lymphocytes in lymphoid tissue
25
Q

what is leucocyte formation called

A

leucopoiesis

26
Q

describe erythrocytes

A
  • Are red because of haemoglobin
  • 5mill/microliter
  • Is a bi-concave disc shape, 8 micrometres across
  • Has no nucleus, mitochondria or ribosomes- so cannot make new proteins or carry out aerobic metabolism
27
Q

describe leukocytes

A
  • Part of the immune system + function, mostly outside the circulation
  • Destroys bacteria + viruses by phagocytosis or other means
  • Identify + destroy cancer cells
  • Remove dead + injured cells
  • WBC contain a nucleus + organelles, but no haemoglobin
  • May live for several months or yrs
28
Q

leukocytes are classified as

A
  • Granular
    • Containing vesicles that appear when the cells are stained
  • Agranular
    - Containing no granules
29
Q

describe diapedesis

A
  • White blood cells are able to leave through the walls of capillaries (blood stream) + collect at sites of invasion
  • chemotaxis (cell death, tissue damage, microbial invasion, all cause release of chemotactic factors
  • Adhesion molecules (selectins + integrins) assist the emigration of WBC from the bloodstream into interstitial fluid
  • As expressing proteins, start to stick to side of blood vessel and roll, until eventually too stick to move, then, then eventually squeezes between endothelial cells
30
Q

types of granulocytes

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
31
Q

types of agranulocytes

A
  • Monocytes
    • ‘tissue scavengers’
  • Lymphocytes
    • B-lymphocytes produce antibodies
    • T-lymphocytes produce cellular immunity
32
Q

what is too many/little WBC no. called

A
  • Leukocytosis (too many)
    • Normal protective response to stresses such as infection
  • Leukopenia (not enough)
    - Never beneficial + may be caused by many factors such as radiation, shock, toxic chemicals, HIV
33
Q

what does high/low count of neutrophils mean?

A
  • High count: bacterial infection, burns, stress
  • Low count: radiation exposure, Drug toxicity
34
Q

what does high/low count of lymphocytes mean?

A
  • High count: viral infections
  • Low count: prolonged illness, HIV infection
35
Q

what does high/low count of monocytes mean?

A
  • High count: viral or fungal infections, tuberculosis
  • Low count: bone marrow suppression
36
Q

what does high/low count of eosinophils mean?

A
  • High count: allergic reactions, parasitic infections
  • Low count: drug toxicity, stress, allergic reactions
37
Q

what does high/low count of basophils mean?

A
  • High count: allergic reactions, cancer
  • Low count: pregnancy, ovulation, stress

MP (29 decks)

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