lecture 5****

Question 1

2 main components of bodily fluid

Answer 1

• 2/3 ICF
• 1/3 ECF
• Interstitial fluid: 80% of the ECF found between cells
• Plasma: 20% of the ECF found in the blood

Question 2

function of blood

Answer 2

• Transport
  ○ Nutrients (oxygen + glucose)
  ○ Wastes (CO2 + urea)
  ○ Hormones
• Regulation
  ○ Of body temp.
  ○ pH
  ○ Water balance
• Protection
  ○ Of body by clotting
  - Immune system

Question 3

what is blood?

Answer 3

• Liquid connective tissue
  
  • Males up 8% of the body
  • About 5.5L in men, 5L in women
  • Contains
    - Formed elements (45%) + plasma (55%)

Question 4

composition of blood

Answer 4

• plasma, buffy coat, erythrocytes

Question 5

plasma components

Answer 5

• Plasma is white stuff on top (55%)
• Most water (92%)
• Some proteins (7%)
• Solutes (electrolytes, wastes, nutrients)

Question 6

describe buffy coat

Answer 6

• buffy coat- middle part that is composed of white blood cells + platelet
• White cells + platelets
• <1% of blood cell volume

Question 7

describe erythrocytes

Answer 7

• red blood cells (45%) on bottom
• Called the haematocrit or packed cell volume

Question 8

fluid constituents

Answer 8

• intracellular fluid
• ECF: interstitial fluid + plasma

Question 9

describe intracellular fluid

Answer 9

• 28L
• Na+ is lowest
• Lots of K+
• Most anions is proteins + phosphate
• Is the ICF

Question 10

describe interstitial fluid

Answer 10

• 11L
• no proteins

Question 11

plasma

Answer 11

• 3L
• Is pretty much the same as the interstitial fluid, except that it has plasma proteins that contribute to osmotic pressure of blood

Question 12

describe ECF

Answer 12

• Is plasma + interstitial fluid
  
  • Lots of Na2+
    
    • Most anions is chlorine

Question 13

plasma vs serum

Answer 13

• Serum
  
  • Liquid that remains after the blood has clotted
  • Serum is basically plasma WITHOUT clotting factors
• Plasma
  - Liquid that remains when clotting is prevented with the addition of a anticoagulant

Question 14

molarity vs osmolarity

Answer 14

• Molarity
  
  • Conc. Of something specific in solution (e.g. NaCl)
• Osmolarity
  
  • Conc. Of osmotically active particles in solution
    
    • There is a formula, refer to OneNote

Question 15

describe blood

Answer 15

refer to onenote
-Whole blood (8%)- plasma (55%) + formed elements (45%)
* Plasma- proteins (7%) + water (91.5%) + other solutes (1.5%)
* Formed elements- (platelets (150000-400000) + white blood cells (5000-10000) + red blood cells (4.8 + 5.4 million)
* Proteins- albumins (54%) + globulins (38%) + Fibrinogen (7%) + All others (1%)
* Other solutes- electrolytes, nutrients, gases, regulatory substances, waste products
* White blood cells- neutrophils (60-70%) + lymphocytes (20-25%) + monocytes (3-8%) + eosinophils (2-4%) + Basophils (0.5-1%)
Other fluids + tissues (92%)

Question 16

5 different kinds of white blood cells

Answer 16

• Neutrophils
• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes
• Eosinophils
• Basophils

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Question 17

plasma proteins: albumins

Answer 17

• 54% of total plasma proteins
• Smallest + most numerous
• Transport proteins
• Contribute to colloid osmotic pressure

Question 18

plasma proteins: globulins

Answer 18

• 38% of total plasma proteins
• Alpha + beta globulins
• Large transport proteins for iron, lipids, fat-soluble vitamins
• Blood clotting factors
• Inactive precursors
• Note: y-globulins are immunoglobulins, antibodies help attack viruses + bacteria

Question 19

plasma protein: fibrinogen

Answer 19

• 7% plasma proteins (non-globular)
• Essential blood clotting protein
• NOT in serum

Question 20

process of withdrawing blood

Answer 20

1. Prick finger + collect a small amount of blood using a micropippette
2. Place a drop of blood on a slide
3. Using a second slide, pull the drop of blood across the first slides surface, leaving a thin layer of blood on the slide
4. After the blood dries, apply a stain briefly and rinse, place a coverslip on top
5. When viewed under the microscope, blood smear reveals the components of the formed elements

Question 21

what is the production of blood cells called

Answer 21

haematopoiesis

Question 22

describe pluripotent stem cells

Answer 22

• Differentiate into each of the different types of blood cells
• Red blood cells + platelets- remains steady
  White blood cells- no. Can change in response to stimulus
• refer to onenote

Question 23

formation of blood cells

Answer 23

• Formed from myeloid + lymphoid stem cells, derived from pluripotent stem cells
• Production of individual cell lines controlled by specific hormones

Question 24

what types of cells do myeloid + lymphoid stem cells give?

Answer 24

• Megakaryocytes
  § Produce platelets
• Reticulocytes
  § Produces erythrocytes
• Granulocytes
  § Eosinophil, basophile, neutrophils
  § Monocytes
• Lymphoid stem cells, give
  § Lymphocyte sin blood
  § Lymphocytes in lymphoid tissue

Question 25

what is leucocyte formation called

Answer 25

leucopoiesis

Question 26

describe erythrocytes

Answer 26

- Are red because of haemoglobin - 5mill/microliter - Is a bi-concave disc shape, 8 micrometres across - Has no nucleus, mitochondria or ribosomes- so cannot make new proteins or carry out aerobic metabolism

Question 27

describe leukocytes

Answer 27

- Part of the immune system + function, mostly outside the circulation - Destroys bacteria + viruses by phagocytosis or other means - Identify + destroy cancer cells - Remove dead + injured cells - WBC contain a nucleus + organelles, but no haemoglobin - May live for several months or yrs

Question 28

leukocytes are classified as

Answer 28

* Granular - Containing vesicles that appear when the cells are stained * Agranular - Containing no granules

Question 29

describe diapedesis

Answer 29

* White blood cells are able to leave through the walls of capillaries (blood stream) + collect at sites of invasion * chemotaxis (cell death, tissue damage, microbial invasion, all cause release of chemotactic factors * Adhesion molecules (selectins + integrins) assist the emigration of WBC from the bloodstream into interstitial fluid * As expressing proteins, start to stick to side of blood vessel and roll, until eventually too stick to move, then, then eventually squeezes between endothelial cells

Question 30

types of granulocytes

Answer 30

* Neutrophils * Eosinophils * Basophils

Question 31

types of agranulocytes

Answer 31

- Monocytes - 'tissue scavengers' - Lymphocytes - B-lymphocytes produce antibodies - T-lymphocytes produce cellular immunity

Question 32

what is too many/little WBC no. called

Answer 32

- Leukocytosis (too many) - Normal protective response to stresses such as infection - Leukopenia (not enough) - Never beneficial + may be caused by many factors such as radiation, shock, toxic chemicals, HIV

Question 33

what does high/low count of neutrophils mean?

Answer 33

- High count: bacterial infection, burns, stress - Low count: radiation exposure, Drug toxicity

Question 34

what does high/low count of lymphocytes mean?

Answer 34

- High count: viral infections - Low count: prolonged illness, HIV infection

Question 35

what does high/low count of monocytes mean?

Answer 35

- High count: viral or fungal infections, tuberculosis - Low count: bone marrow suppression

Question 36

what does high/low count of eosinophils mean?

Answer 36

- High count: allergic reactions, parasitic infections - Low count: drug toxicity, stress, allergic reactions

Question 37

what does high/low count of basophils mean?

Answer 37

- High count: allergic reactions, cancer - Low count: pregnancy, ovulation, stress