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microbiology block 2 > lecture 5 > Flashcards

lecture 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

gene

A

a segment of DNA specifying a protein (via mRNA), a tRNA, an rRNA, or any other noncoding RNA

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2
Q

genetic element

A

a structure that carries genetic information, such as a chromosome, a plasmid, or a virus genome

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3
Q

genome

A

the total complement of genes contained in a cell or virus

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4
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds; the deoxyribonucleotide sequence encodes genetic information

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5
Q

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

A

a polymer of ribonucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds that plays many roles in cells, in particular, during protein synthesis

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6
Q

informational macromolecule

A

any large polymeric molecule that carries genetic information, including DNA, RNA, and protein

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7
Q

nucleotide

A

a monomer of a nucleic acid containing a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, or uracil), one or more molecules of phosphate, and a sugar, either ribose (in RNA) or deoxyribose (in DNA)

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8
Q

polynucleotide

A

a polymer of nucleotides bonded to one another by covalent bonds called phosphodiester bonds

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9
Q

pyrimidine

A

one of the nitrogenous bases of nucleic acids that contain a single ring; cytosine, thymine, and uracil

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10
Q

purine

A

one of the nitrogenous bases of nucleic acids that contain two fused rings; adenine and guanine

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11
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

a type of covalent bond linking nucleotide together in a polynucleotide

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12
Q

primary structure

A

the precise sequence of monomers in a macromolecule such as a polypeptide or a nucleic acid

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13
Q

complementary

A

nucleic acid sequences that can base-pair with each other

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14
Q

antiparallel

A

in reference to double-stranded DNA, the two strands run in opposite directions (one runs 5’ -> 3’ and the complementary strand 3’ -> 5’)

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15
Q

DNA gyrase

A

an enzyme found in bacteria and most archaea that introduces negative supercoils in DNA

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16
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

an RNA molecule that contains the genetic information to encode one or more polypeptides

17
Q

DNA ligase

A

an enzyme that seals nicks in the backbone of DNA

18
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

a small RNA molecule used in translation that possesses an anticodon at one end and has the corresponding amino acid attached to the other end

19
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

the types of RNA found in the ribosome; some participate actively in protein synthesis

20
Q

replication

A

in cells, synthesis of DNA using DNA as a template

21
Q

transcription

A

the synthesis of an RNA molecule complementary to one of the two strands of a double-stranded DNA molecule

22
Q

translation

A

the synthesis of protein by a ribosome using the genetic information in a messenger RNA as a template

23
Q

chromosome

A

a genetic element, usually circular in prokaryotic cells, carrying genes essential to cellular function

24
Q

plasmid

A

an extrachromosomal genetic element that is usually not essential to the cell

25
Q

transposable element

A

a genetic element able to move (transpose) from one site to another on host DNA molecules

26
Q

bacteriocin

A

a toxic protein secreted by bacteria that inhibits or kills other, related bacteria

27
Q

semiconservative replication

A

DNA synthesis yielding two new double helices, each consisting of one parental and one progeny strand

28
Q

DNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that synthesizes a new strand of DNA in the 5’ -> 3’ direction using an antiparallel DNA strand as a template

29
Q

primer

A

an oligonucleotide to which DNA polymerase attaches the first deoxyribonucleotide during DNA synthesis

30
Q

primase

A

the enzyme that synthesizes the RNA primer used in DNA replication

31
Q

replication fork

A

the site on the chromosome where DNA replication occurs and where the enzymes replication the DNA are bound to untwisted, single stranded DNA

32
Q

DNA helicase

A

an enzyme that uses ATP to unwind the double helix of DNA

33
Q

lagging strand

A

the new strand of DNA that is synthesized in short pieces and then joined together later

34
Q

leading strand

A

the new strand of DNA that is synthesized continuously during DNA replication

35
Q

replisome

A

a DNA replication complex that consists of two copies of DNA polymerase III, DNA gyrase, helicase, primase, and copies of single-strand binding protein

microbiology block 2 (13 decks)

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