Lecture 5

Question 1

Appendicular skeleton includes bone of the limbs and their girdles which are the _______

Answer 1

Upper limb
Lower limb
Perctoral/shoulder girdle
Pelvic girdle

Question 2

What regions can the upper limb be divided into?

Answer 2

Pectoral/shoulder girdle
Includes the clavicular and scapula

Arm
Includes the humerus

Forearm
Includes the radius and ulna

Wrist and Hand
Includes multiple bones

Question 3

What two bones make up the pectoral girdle?

Answer 3

Scapula (Shoulder Blade)

Clavicle (Collar Bone)

Question 4

What are the main functions of the Scapula and Clavicle?

Answer 4

Both these bones:

Attach the upper limbs to the Axial Skeleton

Form the shoulders (Along with the associated muscles)

Provide attachment sites for the muscles that move the upper limbs

Question 5

What is the Clavicle (Collar Bone)

Answer 5

The clavicle joins with the sternum medially
The clavicle joins with the scapula laterally
The flattened acromial (lateral) end of the clavicle articulates with the scapula
The cone shaped sternal (medial) end of the clavicle articulates with the sternum
The clavicle acts as a brace
The clavicle is commonly fractured

Question 6

What are fractures?

Answer 6

A bone fracture occurs when a force exerted against a bone is stronger than the bone can structurally withstand

The damage of the fracture depends upon:
Degree and Direction of Force
Particular bone involved
Person’s age and general health

Note there is no difference between a Fractured Bone and a Broken Bone
Anytime whether the bone loses integrity - whether its a hairline crack or a complete shatter of the bone - its considered a fracture

Question 7

Where are fractures most common?

Answer 7

In the wrist, ankle, hip and clavicle

Question 8

What are the four classifications of a fracture?

Answer 8

Simple (Closed)
Compound (Open)
Incomplete
Complete

Question 9

What is a Simple (Closed) Fracture?

Answer 9

This is when the skin is not broken

Question 10

What is as Compound (Open) Fracture?

Answer 10

This is when the bone has broken through the skin

This is when surgery is required to fix the fracture

Question 11

What is an Incomplete Fracture?

Answer 11

This is when only One Side of the Bone is Broker

It can be a Hairline or a Greenstick Fracture

Question 12

What is a Complete Fracture?

Answer 12

This is when both sides of the bone are broken

Question 13

What are the 5 types of Fractures?

Answer 13

Simple (Closed)
Compound (Open)
Greenstick
Comminuted 
Impacted

Question 14

What is a Simple (Closed) Fracture?

Answer 14

This is when the skin is intact

The bone parts inside may be aligned or displaced

Question 15

What is a Compound (Open) Fracture?

Answer 15

This is when the skin is broken and the bone parts have been moved

Question 16

What is a Greenstick Fracture?

Answer 16

This is when the bone splits longitudinally

Question 17

What is a Comminuted Fracture?

Answer 17

This occurs when more than one fracture happens at the same location

Question 18

What is an Impacted Fracture?

Answer 18

This occurs when the two broken ends of bone are forced into one another

Question 19

Give 6 pieces of information about the Fracture of a Clavicle

Answer 19

1. It is common especially in children and the elderly
2. The most common site of a fracture is the middle one third of the clavicle
3. Clavicle fracture occurs mainly due to an indirect injury
4. Direct injury of the Clavicle leads to comminuted fracture
5. It is treated by an arm sling or a figure of eight bandage
6. Operation is needed if it is an open fracture

Question 20

What is the Scapula (Shoulder blade)?

Answer 20

The Scapula is a Traingular shaped flat bone with a spine running along the dorsal surface

Question 21

What are the important landmarks of a Scapula and their definitions?

Answer 21

It has ‘3’ fossa
A fossa is a shallow depression

It has ‘3’ angles
An angle is a corner

It has ‘3’ borders
A border is an edge

It has ‘2’ processes
A process is an outgrowth or protuberance

It has ‘2’ tubercles
A tubercle is a small projection

It has ‘1’ cavity
A cavity is hollow