Lecture 47 Neurotransmitters Flashcards
1
Q
What mediates the action potential?
A
- voltage gated Na channels
after depolarization
2
Q
What opens the voltage gated Ca channels?
A
- action potential
3
Q
What does the Ca do for the neurotransmitter?
A
- fuse with membrane and release neurotransmitter
4
Q
_____ is the amount of neurotransmitter that is packaged in vessicle and released?
A
- Quanta
5
Q
How does Ca help the vesicle dock with the membrane?
A
- interacts with synaptotagmin which then interacts with synaptobrevin, snap -25,, and syntaxin
6
Q
What proteins does botulinum toxin cleave?
A
- SNAP-25 and Syntaxin
(cant have exocytosis)
(primarly effects ach)
7
Q
What causes wrinkles?
A
- muscle contraction, why botux preventing ach/muscle contractions works to prevent wrinkles
8
Q
How do inhibitory NT like gaba work?
A
- open channels like Cl that bring a negative charge in and hyperpolarize cell / inhibit AP
9
Q
What are the excitatory NTs?
A
- glutamate
- aspartate
- nitric oxide
10
Q
What are the inhibitory NTs?
A
- GABa
- Glycine
- Seratonin
- Dopamine
11
Q
ESPs
A
- escitatory post snyaptic potential
12
Q
ISPs
A
- inhibitory post synaptic potential
13
Q
what is the extracellular conc of Na
A
142
14
Q
What is the intracellular conc of Na
A
- 10
15
Q
What is extracellular conc of K
A
- 4
16
Q
What is intracellular conc of K
A
- 140
17
Q
What is extracellular conc of Ca
A
- 2.4
18
Q
What is intracellular conc of Ca
A
- .0001
19
Q
What is extracellular conc of Mg
A
- 1.2
20
Q
What is extracellular conc of mg
A
- 58
21
Q
What is extracellular conc of Cl
A
- 103
22
Q
What is intracellular conc of cl
A
- 4
23
Q
How do neurons act like a calculator?
A
- they calculate all ESPS and ISPS and summates them to create final signal
- leading to net depolarization or hyperpolarization
24
Q
If your ESPs is strong enough what happens?
A
- create threshold potential at trigger zone and open up Na channels that create AP
25
What is the precursor of acetylcholine?
- acetyl- Coa and choline in the presence of choline acetyltransferase
26
What are the amino acid derivative NTs?
- glutamate
- GABA
- Glycine
(all come from glutamic acid)
27
What is the major excitatory NT in CNS?
- glutamate (important for learning and memory)
28
What is the major inhibitory NT in CNS?
- gaba (also from glutamic acid) (movement)
29
What is glycines main role?
- inhibitory in spinal cord
30
What is the derivative of serotonin?
- tryptophan
| mood/sleep
31
What is dopamine related to?
- involved in movement/mood and sensation of pleasure
32
Norepinephrine?
- wakefullness
| - ANS, hypothalamus
33
Epinephrine
- made in adrenal medulla and circulates around, ans
34
Where do dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine come from?
- tryosine
35
What do you give parkinsons patients?
- LDOPA to make dopamine to control movements
36
Can proteins/peptides serve as NTs?
- yes
37
Can gases serve as NTs?
- yes
38
What are the gases neurotransmitters?
- nitric oxide
| - carbon monoxide
39
What are the endocannabinoids neurotransmitters?
- anandamide
| - arachidony glycerol
40
THC mimicks
- endocannabinoids
- lots of CB1 receptors which decreases Ca influx which means you cant release NT
- loss of memory
41
Why do they say marijuana hurts memory?
- cant release NT like glutamate that are important for learning and memory
42
What are ionotropic receptors?
- receptors that are ion channels themselves
| Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+
43
What are metabotropic receptors?
- G protein coupled receptors
| - indirectly linked to ion channels
44
What are enzyme linked receptors?
- tyrosine kinase receptors
45
How do metabotropic receptors function?
- can open ion channel
- can activate gene transcription
- activate one or more intracellular enzyme
46
What type of receptor is the GAbAr?
- ionotropic receptor that allows cl- to move in and hyperpolarize the membrane potential
- less excitable
47
What is the NMDA receptor for glutamate and what does it do?
- it is an ionatripic receptor
- allows ca2+ and Na+ to enter and make things more excitable
-
48
What does ketamine do?
- block excitatory NT
49
How does the metabotropic receptor Beta1 adrenergic work?
- Norepi binds to Beta1
- beta 1 has g protein signaling that activates cAMP
- cAMP activates PKa which phosporlates ion channel for Ca
- Ca enters and excites the cell
50
How do B1 receptors increase both heart rate and cardiac contractility?
- the increase in calcium
51
Where are the acetylcholine inotropic receptors commoon?
- muscle cell membranes
| muscle contraction
52
What does curare do?
- it is an antagonist to the nicotinic receptor
- blocks receptor which prevents muscle contraction
- paralyzes diaphragm and cant breathe
53
how does ach cause a decrease in HR?
- binds to muscarinic receptor which uses g protein to open K+ channel
- K+ flows out which makes SA node less excitable
- decreases HR
54
Where are nicotinic receptors found?
- muscle or nerve
| - postganlgionic neurons
55
Where are muscarinic receptors found?
- found in target organs
56
What are the agonist of nicotinic receptor?
- nicotine
57
What is the antagonist of nicotinic receptor?
- curare
58
What is the agonist of muscarinic receptor?
- muscarine
59
What is the antagonist of muscarinic receptor?
- atropine
