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Biochemistry (Cole) > Lecture 31 Development > Flashcards

Lecture 31 Development Flashcards

1
Q

4 Important concepts of embryonic development

A
  1. Universal mechanisms of animal development
  2. Proteins can be substituted across species
  3. Inductive signaling
  4. Regional determination
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2
Q

Unersal mechanisms of animal development use 5 pathways

A
  1. Receptor tyrosine kinase
  2. TGFB superfamily
  3. Wnt
  4. Hedgehog
  5. Notch
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3
Q

Receptor tyrosine kinase

A

-EGF ligands
- EGF receptors
FGF, and ephrins

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4
Q

TGFB superfamily

A
  • TGFB ligands and receptors
  • BMP (DPP) ligands and receptors
  • nodal ligands
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5
Q

Wnt

A
  • wnt ligand and frizzled receptor
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6
Q

Hedgehog

A
  • hedgehog ligand and patched/smoothened receptor
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7
Q

Notch

A
  • Delta ligand and notch receptor
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8
Q

What defines the developmental program of multicellular organisms?

A
  • Regulatory DNA

- multi cellular organisms are enriched in proteins mediating cell interactions and gene regulation

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9
Q

Is inductive signaling just local?

A

No it can act over great distances and affect multiple cells

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10
Q

regional determination

A
  • once cells are committed to form a particular structure they can be taken out of resident area and transplanted to a different region but continue to behave like they did in other cite
  • thoracic vertebrae developing like thoracic even though its been moved to cervical region
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11
Q

Sequential induction

A
  • builds a group of different cells
  • B works on A and produces C
  • C works on A and. B and produces D and E
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12
Q

4 essential processes by which an embryo is constructed

A
  1. Cell proliferation
  2. Cell specialization (differentiation)
  3. Cell interaction
  4. Cell movement

All 4 processes must be working to achieve particular organism

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13
Q

Developmental process greatly among different species.

A
  • mouse have 21 day gestational periond

- elephants have 645 day

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14
Q

Patterning

A
  • cells that are produced by cleavage get organized into layers and groups of cell masses through what is know as gastrulation
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15
Q

Organization of cells into layers and cell masses is know as?

A
  • gastrulation
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16
Q

Patterning occurs in what three dimensions?

A
  • Anterior - posterior
  • Proximal - Distal
  • Dorsal- Ventral
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17
Q

Differentiation

A
  • cells begin to form specific and specialized structures
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18
Q

Growth

A
  • cell divisions that form more cells with identical functions as the parental cells
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19
Q

Paradigm of development

A
  • in every species and at every level of organization, complex structures are made by repeating a few basic themes with variations
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20
Q

Gastrulation is the formation of what 3 key cell layers?

A
  • Ectoderm
  • Mesoderm
  • Endoderm
21
Q

Gastrulation

A
  • infolding of cells from outer layer to inner layer

- creating clusters of cells that have specialized function

22
Q

Hensens node

A
  • organizing structure of gastrulation

- acts like a zipper

23
Q

Neural crest cells

A
  • embryonic cell population that is localized between the developing neural tube and the non- neural ectoderm
24
Q

Stemness

A
  • neural crest cells that can give rise to multiple differentiated cells exhibit stemness
  • can renew itself
25
Q

How do neural crest cells form craniofacial structures?

A
  • they migrate through restricted pathways to form the developing structures
26
Q

Cell migration

A

`- a tightly regulated process where the NCCs receive cues such as morphogens and growth factors that restrict their movement and determine fate

27
Q

Where do the cues for cell migration come from?

A
  • adjacent cells
28
Q

Neural crest cells

A
  • move out and give rise to tissues

- regions where they migrate are called rhombomeres

29
Q

Different signals are giving information to ectoderm and dermomyotome

A
  • true
30
Q

The segmental plate mesoderm gives rise to what?

A
  • epithelial somites
31
Q

Epithelial somites give rise to what?

A

-dermamyotome and sclerotome

32
Q

The dermamyotome gives rise to what?

A
  • dermatome and myotome
33
Q

The sclerotome gives rise to what?

A
  • ribs
  • vertebrae
  • base of skull; some facial muscles
34
Q

The dermatome gives rise to what?

A
  • dermis
35
Q

The myotome gives rise to what?

A

epaxial skeletal muscle and hypaxial skeletal muscle

36
Q

Coordinate genes

A

regulate gap genes

37
Q

Gap genes

A
  • self regulate
  • regulate pair rule genes
  • regulate homeotic selector genes
38
Q

Pair rule genes

A
  • self regulate
  • regulate homeotic selctor genes
  • regulate segment polarity genes
39
Q

Homeotic selector genes

A
  • regulate other genes
40
Q

Segment polarity genes

A
  • regulate self

- regulate homeotic selector genes

41
Q

Homeosis

A
  • replacement of one body part with another
42
Q

Drosophila Homeotic Genes

A
  • gene products are gene regulatory proteins
  • All contain a highly conserved DNA binding homeodmain sequence 60 amino acids long
  • The corresponding segment in the 180 BP DNA sequence is called a homeobox hence the name hox complex
43
Q

Hox genes

A
  • interspersed amongst large stretches of regulatory DNA regions
  • Hox genes are expressed sequentially according to their order in the HOx complex
  • Hox complex carries a permanent record of positional information (why head goes in the right spot)
  • There are hundreds of other homeobox genes in the genome, but they are scattered and not clustered in complexes
44
Q

How many hox complexes do drosophila have?

A

2

45
Q

How many hox complexes do mammalia have?

A

4

46
Q

T/F mouse complexes are located at 3 different chromosomes?

A

false (4)

47
Q

When do the lip forms?

A

between 4th-7th week of pregnancy

48
Q

When does the palate form?

A

between weeks 6 and 9

Biochemistry (Cole) (25 decks)

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