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Microbiology Final Exam > Lecture > Flashcards

Lecture Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify the Temperature Groups of Microbes

A

Psychrophiles, or Cold-loving microbes
Mesophiles are in the normal environment
Thermophiles are Heat-loving microbes

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2
Q

Define Temperature ranges for:

Psychrophiles

A

Prefer cold and grow when temperature is between (-) 10 & 20°C.
This matches 15-70°F, which is much below normal temperatures of human environments.

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3
Q

Define Temperature ranges for:

Mesophiles

A

Grow at warm, moderate, temperatures that generally match those of human environments: their Minimum is about 10°C/50°F while their Maximum is just below a water-heater at 50°C/120°F. Most importantly, with optimum growth temperatures of 25 to 37°C (77-98.6°F), they are the most common and the best adapted to live in, on, or around humans. Human pathogens grow best at temperatures of 37°C and clinical lab incubators operate at this temperature.

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4
Q

Define Temperature ranges for:

Thermophiles

A

Prefer such high temperatures that they may not be active below a Minimum of 40°C/105°F. They grow up to a Maximum of 72°C/163°F, which is 40°F hotter than a water-heater!

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5
Q

Determine their risks and effects on human health:

Psychrophiles

A

Optimum operating temperatures typically do not exceed 15°C/60°F, which is over 60% colder than normal body temperature! As a result, Psychrophiles are not agents of disease in humans.

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6
Q

Determine their risks and effects on human health:

Mesophiles

A

Most germs that cause spoilage, decomposition, or disease are Mesophiles!

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7
Q

Botox

a. What is it and its common name?

A

BOTOX is a neuro-paralytic agent from the Exotoxin of Clostridium botulinum.

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8
Q

Botox

b. How many types exist?

A

7 types of the Exotoxin: A,B, C, D, E, F, & G.

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9
Q

Botox

c. For which medical situations would you prescribe it?

A
  • Minute doses of Botox can relieve disorders that cause excessive muscular activity.
  • Uncontrollable underarm sweating—or Hyperhidrosis—
  • Head tilting or neck muscle spasms (Cervical Dystonia)
  • Management of Bladder Control
  • Relax facial muscles, relieve glabellar (frown) lines, or make wrinkles disappear!
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10
Q

Botox

d. Estimate its cosmetic and lethal doses.

A

Cosmetic doses: about 20 to 50 units

Lethal doses: 135-150ng

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11
Q

List the Vital characteristics of Microbial Life

A
  • Movement or Motility
  • Irritability or Interaction with their Environments
  • Nutrition or ability to utilize Nutrient Molecules
  • Respiration, often equated with Breathing
  • (Respiration includes Metabolism and its Reactions)
  • Excretion - Getting rid of Metabolic wastes
  • Growth & Development
  • Reproducing “…their kind”
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12
Q

What do Minimum, Optimum, or Maximum conditions mean?

A

A standard rule of Microbial control by physical or chemical processes/agents is that microbial activity decreases outside OPTIMUM conditions: STATIC below MINIMUM or CIDAL above MAXIMUM. Antimicrobial agents are designed and classified by their effect on germs and their potential to cause people harm.

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13
Q

Describe living conditions for Microbes in each environment.

A

Living things need ideal environments for growth and development. This condition is Optimum. Under these near-perfect conditions, the rate of growth is fastest. As conditions depart from optimal in either direction, growth decreases producing a Bell Curve, which shows steady decrease in growth because conditions are no longer Optimum. Eventually, a Maximum point is reached, which represents the highest point living things can endure. The Minimum condition is needed to initiate growth and represents the lowest point at which organisms can remain active:
(0%)Minimum»»>Optimum(100%)

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14
Q

Compare and contrast Dormant & Vegetative States of Microbial Life

A

Dormant: inactive forms that microbes use for survival like bacterial endospores, spores of yeast and molds, viruses, and protozoal cysts.It does not discriminate between the host and germ. Therefore, it is best applied before sterile products are ready for use. Sterile products must be maintained under aseptic conditions because they could become re-infected.

Vegetative state: Bacteria, Viruses, Yeasts, Molds, Protozoa, Algae, and Prions

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15
Q

How active are Microbes below, between, and above these conditions?

A

A standard rule of Microbial control by physical or chemical processes/agents is that microbial activity decreases outside OPTIMUM conditions: STATIC below MINIMUM or CIDAL above MAXIMUM. Antimicrobial agents are designed and classified by their effect on germs and their potential to cause people harm.

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16
Q

Define Metabolism

A

All cellular reactions are summed up as Metabolism.

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17
Q

Define Catabolism

A

-Releases energy
•-Break downs complex molecules
•-Hydrolytic/Degraditive reactions
•-Exergonic: produces more energy than it consumes
•-As a result, Sugar (C6H12O6) becomes CO2 + H2O with ATP production.

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18
Q

Define Anabolism

A
  • -Requires energy
  • -Builds up complex molecules from simple molecules
  • -Biosynthetic
  • -Dehydration synthesis
  • -Endergonic: consumes more energy than they produce
  • -Forms new cell materials
  • -Generates new materials for cell growth
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19
Q

List types and sources of Energy in living things

A

Nutrient molecules (food) supply this energy from the electrons that form bonds between their atoms (hence calories). Energy from these electrons are conveniently stored in the cell as ATP by adding them to ADP. Reactions in catabolic pathways make ATP

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20
Q

List the four principal Respiration Groups of Microbes.

A

Aerobic
Anaerobic
Fermentation
Acid & Alcohol fermentation

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21
Q

Identify Final Electron Acceptors for all the groups

A 
Aerobic: O2
Anaerobic: Nitrate, Sulfate, Carbonate
Fermentation: Organic compounds
Acid fermentation: Organic acids
Alcohol fermentation: Alcohol
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22
Q

What End-products do these Final Electron Acceptors become?

A 
Aerobic: Carbon dioxide
Anaerobic: nitrate/ammonia, Hydrogen sulfate, methane
Fermentation: organic compounds
Acid fermentation: lactic acid; vinegar
Alcohol fermentation: ethanol
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23
Q

Sterilization/Sterilizers

A

Destroy all forms of microbial life, Sterile products must be protected in sterile wraps. One time use only.

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24
Q

Disinfectants/Disinfection

A

Kill 100% of live germs (vegetative cells), best used on inanimate (non-living surfaces)

25
Q

Sanitizers/ Sanitization

A

Kills 99.9% of germs; Public health term

26
Q

Antiseptics/Antisepsis

A

Prolonged contact and high concentration harmful; For external use only; topical application

27
Q

Why are Viruses described as non-Living things?

A
  • Acellular
  • Genetic material : DNA or RNA
  • No metabolism or system
  • Non-living w/o a host
28
Q

Explain why Viruses should be considered Living things

A
  • Nucleic acid: DNA/RNA
  • Reproduce
  • Grow
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Obligate parasites
  • Obligate intracellular parasites
29
Q

How is a Prion different from a Virus?

A

Prion: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) or “Mad Cow Disease”.
While viruses are made up of proteins and nucleic acids, prions lack in genetic code (nucleic acids)
Viruses cause lots of diseases while prions have been know to cause brain diseases only.

30
Q

Cysts & Microbial Encystment:

What are Cysts and why do microbes become cysts?

A

Cysts are a protective capsule that permits the organism to survive when food, moisture, or oxygen are lacking, when temperatures are not suitable, or when toxic chemicals are present. They also enable a parasitic species to survive outside a host.

31
Q

Which microbes undergo encystment?

A

some protozoa.

32
Q

Etiology

A

The study of the cause of a disease.

33
Q

Fomite

A

A nonliving object that can spread infection. Is the general name for non-living contaminated objects that transmit infection, like needles, food, spoon, water, bowls, clothing, or anthrax spores in envelopes .

34
Q

Pathogenesis

A

The manner in which a disease develops.

35
Q

Vectors

A

are Animals or insects that transmit pathogens, like mosquitoes with Plasmodium for Malaria, ticks transmitting rickettsia for Q-fever or Spirochetes for Lyme disease.

36
Q

Carrier

A

organisms (usually human) that harbors pathogens and transmits them to others. Are probably more dangerous because they lack symptoms while infected.

37
Q

Epidemiology

A

the science that studies when and where disease occur and know how they are transmitted.

38
Q

Sources of Infection

A
  • Patients
  • Carriers
  • Vectors
  • Fomite
  • Nosocomial
  • A blood infection
39
Q

Natural and Artificial Portals of Entry

A
  • Skin - Natural unbroken skin cannot be penetrated by germs. However, natural skin openings, like hair follicle and the sweat pore could become portals of entry.
  • Parenteral Routes are artificial openings on the skin or mucous membrane. They include injections, bites, cuts, bruises, surgery etc. Other microorganisms gain access to the body when they are deposited directly into the tissues beneath the skin or into mucous membranes when these barriers are penetrated or injured.
40
Q

Infective and Lethal Doses (ID50 & LD50)

A
  1. ID50 or Infectious Dose: the minimum number of pathogens that will cause infection in 50% of exposed susceptible hosts.
  2. Lethal Dose, expressed as LD50, is the minimum number of pathogens that will cause disease in 50% of infected hosts.
41
Q

Sign

A

an OBJECTIVE, visible, evidence of infection and disease, like higher body temperature, redness, swelling, or skin rashes.

42
Q

Symptom

A

a SUBJECTIVE evidence of disease, like pain, or

ache. Physicians rely on patients to describe their symptoms.

43
Q

Syndrome

A

a group of specific signs and symptoms that always occur in a particular disease.

44
Q

Incubation Period

A

Time interval between initial infection and appearance of signs and symptoms. Host appears normal and may not be aware of infection without Lab Tests.

45
Q

Prodromal Period

A

Relatively short period following incubation, which may not occur in every infectious disease. Symptoms present are mild, generalized, non-specific, like aches, coughing and sneezing. However, none of these is specific enough for diagnosis of the type of illness.

46
Q

Period of Illness?

A

Disease is most acute during the period of illness. The patient manifests clear signs and symptoms of disease. During this period, White Blood Cell count may change.

47
Q

I. Low Temperature Microbial Control: Refrigeration

a. Recall applicable temperatures
b. Determine how they affect Microbial Life.

A

Spoilage/pathogenic mesophiles do not do well below their minimum temperature of 10°C (50°F). Although they may not kill germs, low temperatures typically make germs inactive and less likely to cause spoilage or disease.

48
Q

II. High Temperature Microbial Control: Autoclaving

a. Determine effects on microbial life
b. Match Pressure to Autoclave Time & Temperatures

A

Sterilization is intended to destroy all forms of microbial life

Pressure Temp Time
0 100 20 hours
5 110 2 1/2
15 121 15mins

49
Q

What are the three Methods of Pasteurization?

A

Vat, Flash, and Ultra High

50
Q

Match Pasteurization Temperature to Treatment Time

A

Vat: 63/175 30minutes
Flash: 72/163 15seconds
Ultra High: 140/285 1second

51
Q

Name the bacteria that indicate proper Pasteurization

A

Coxiella Burnetii

52
Q

Define Antibiotics.

A

Antibiotic is an antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agent, which:-

  • Is a natural product of Microorganisms
  • Inhibits the growth of other microorganisms
  • Specifically targets Bacteria
  • Affects bacteria in very small amounts (or doses)
  • Is selectively toxic: kills germs but is safe to the host.
53
Q

Describe Broad, Narrow, or Extended Spectrum antibiotics?

A
  • Broad-spectrum Antibiotics affect BOTH Gram-positive AND Gram-negative bacteria evenly
  • Narrow Spectrum antibiotics, on the other hand, tend to discriminate by selectively affecting Gram-positive OR Gram-negative bacteria.
  • Extended Spectrum Antibiotics affect more types of bacteria, but not to the extent of Broad Spectrum drugs.
54
Q

Name Antibiotics that:

a. Inhibit Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis
b. Interfere with Protein Synthesis
c. Disrupt Bacterial Plasma Membrane.

A

a. Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Bacitracin, Vanco
b. Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, Erythromycin, Streptomycin
c. Polymyxin B

55
Q

a. Streptococcus thermophilus

b. Lactobacillus acidophilus

A

For Thermophiles to grow well, optimum temperature needs to be at least 55°C/130°F, which is well over the human body condition of 37°C. Thermophiles may, therefore, not only be comparatively harmless, but some have become part of food production because of the diminished health risk they pose: “Live and Active Yogurt Cultures” include such beneficial normal residential bacterial of the body

56
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

TB bacterium

57
Q

Coxiella burnetii

A

a thermoduric Rickettsia, transmitted to humans through the milk of cows that contracted the infection when bitten by ticks/ the illness was nicknamed Q- fever

58
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A

Psychrophile, transmitted through contaminated food, water, dairy products, or poor sanitation and grows well at refrigerator temperatures that inhibit most pathogens. Causes: mild flu-like discomfort without serious symptoms. However, the bacterium can also invade the Nervous System, becoming the fourth most common cause of life-threatening meningitis. When it spreads into the blood, it lives inside white blood cells, causing Sepsis.

59
Q

Clostridium botulinum

A

neuro-paralytic agent , anaerobic bacterium typically hangs around the soil as an inactive endospore
Botulinum Exotoxin in one of the most poisonous substances known to medicine.

Microbiology Final Exam (2 decks)

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