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ANAT242 > Lecture 4- Venous Drainage and the Cerebrum > Flashcards

Lecture 4- Venous Drainage and the Cerebrum Flashcards

1
Q

How is blood drained from the brain?

A

-Fine veins in the brain
-Pial Venous plexuses (sitting in the pia mater)
-Cerebral veins
-Veins in the scalp lead into the Dural venous sinuses via emissary veins
-Internal Jugular vein
-Heart

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2
Q

What veins go from the exterior of the scalp to the Venus sinuses?

A

emissary veins

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3
Q

What are venous sinuses to put it simply? What are their function?

A

-Large veins

-They exist between the two Dural layers and therefore receive venous blood from both the brain and scalp. Also receive CSF from the subarachnoid space via the arachnoid granulations.

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4
Q

What sinuses drains the superior and deep structures of the brain?

A

-Superior sagittal sinus
-Inferior sagittal sinus
-Straight sinus
-Transverse sinus
-Sigmoid sinus

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5
Q

Where does the superior sagittal sinus lie and what does it join into? Because of this positioning what is a major part of its function?

A
  • Lies along the superior margin of the falx cerebri
  • Joins the transverse sinus (right)

-Arachnoid villi drain the CSF into the superior
sagittal sinus

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6
Q

What does the inferior sagittal sinus lie along and what does it turn into?

A

-lies along the inferior margin of the falx cerebri
-joins straight sinus

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7
Q

What does the straight sinus lie within?

A

The tentorium cerebelli

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8
Q

What is the transverse sinus continuous with (both left and right)? What plane is it sitting in?

A

-The left is continuous with the straight sinus
-Right continuous with superior sagittal sinus
-It sits in the transverse plane

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9
Q

What is the sigmoid sinus a continuation of? What does it open into?

A
  • Forward continuation of transverse sinus
    -Opens into the internal jugular vein
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10
Q

What sinus drains the inferior structures? How many are there and where do they sit?

A

-Cavernous sinus
-There are 2, sitting laterally either side of the pituitary gland. They are linked with venous channels.

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11
Q

What does the cavernous sinus drain into?

A

-Drains into the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
-The superior petrosal sinus leads into the transverse sinus while the inferior petrosal sinus leads into the internal jugular vein.

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12
Q

What is the confluens?

A

Where the sinuses all join together (straight, superior and transverse combine)

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13
Q

Label the sinus diagram in one note

A

Answers found there

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14
Q

How do sinuses increase the chance of infection?

A

-Infection can go from the skull/ brain surface into the superior sagittal sinus via the emissary veins
-The facial skin around the nose and upper lip also drains (via the ophthalmic veins) to the cavernous venous sinus

Basically sinuses/ drainage systems mean that superficial infection can get into the brain. This is sometimes how things like meningitis arise.

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15
Q

What are the three types of functional areas in cerebral cortex?

A

Motor areas
- voluntary motor functions

Sensory areas
- conscious awareness of sensation

Association areas
- integrating diverse information for purposeful action

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16
Q

How much of the cortex does conscious behaviour involve?

A

The whole cortex

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17
Q

What gyrus’ + sulci can be seen in the frontal lobe + draw a diagram…

A

-Precentral gyrus is directly infront of the central sulcus

-Then Superior frontal, middle frontal and inferior frontal gyrus’ run inline with the longitudinal sulcus (superior is closest to midline)

-The superior frontal sulcus and inferior frontal sulcus divide these gyri up

-For a picture of what these divisions look like refer to slide 17+18

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18
Q

What important areas exist within the inferior frontal gyrus? Label the revision diagram in OneNote…

A

-Broca’s area consisting of the Opercular and Triangular areas
-Then the orbital area below that

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19
Q

Where is primary motor cortex in the human brain? How is it arranged?

A

-Precentral gyrus (receiving information from other motor areas)

-“Somatotopy”: Means ‘little man’. I.e. there is a body map situated in the cortex.
-Motor Homunculus: Area of cortex related to specific region is proportional to the amount of motor control over that region.
-Each pyramidal neuron projects its axon to spinal cord.

20
Q

What is the function of the primary motor cortex?

A

-Controls skilled voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
(supplying about 30% of axons to the corticospinal tract = pyramidal tract)
-Controls muscles in body area having the most precise motor control: the face, tongue & hands
- The motor innervation of the body is contralateral (fibers cross. i.e. cells on the right side control the left side of the body and vice versa)

21
Q

What would happen if there was Occlusion/ damage of a branch of anterior cerebral artery?

A

• contralateral hemiplegia (movement problems in half body on opposite side as remember motor innervation is contraletal)
• greatest in the lower limb

Location relates to the body map (remember legs where closest to the midline while upper limbs and face where closest to the center)

22
Q

What would happen if there was Occlusion/ damage of a branch of the middle cerebral artery?

A

-contralateral hemiplegia (movement problems to half of body on opposite side)
-severe in the upper limb and face

Location relates to the body map (remember legs where closest to the midline while upper limbs and face where closest to the center)

23
Q

What does the pre-motor cortex sit? What does it do?

A

-Sits anterior to the precentral gyrus (kind of triangular in shape)

-Controls learned motor skills
-Coordinates the movement
-Involved in planning the movement

24
Q

What percentage of pyramidal tract axons are supplied by the pre-motor cortex?

A

30%

25
Q

In medial view of the brain locate the Supplementary and Cingulate Motor Areas… (OneNote). What do these areas do/ what happens when they are damaged?

A

-Receive inputs from many other cortical areas and thalamus
-Axons contribute to the corticospinal tract

-Damage: loss of desired skilled movements & speech

26
Q

What does the pre-frontal cortex have extensive connections with?

A

Parietal, temporal and occipital lobes

27
Q

What is the pre-frontal cortex invovled in?

A

-involved with intellect, complex learning abilities (cognition), recall and personality

-matures slowly and is heavily dependent on positive and negative feedback from one’s social environment

-closely linked to the emotional part of the brain (limbic system) and plays a role in intuitive judgment and mood

-damage to the prefrontal cortex results in mental and personality disorders

28
Q

Complete the diagram on OneNote showing the areas that the parietal lobe can be divided into…

A

Answers on OneNote

29
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex? How is it arranged/ What does it do?

A

-Postcentral gyrus
-Sensory Homunculus: The area of the cortex dedicated to the sensations of various body parts is proportional to how sensitive that part of the body is. More sensitive= more receptors= bigger area in cortex.
-Spatial discrimination (neurons can identify the body
region being stimulated)
-Receive sensory information from contralateral sid

30
Q

What does damage/ occlusion to the anterior cerebral artery cause in relation to the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

-contralateral sensory loss
-greatest in the lower limb

31
Q

What does damage/ occlusion to the middle cerebral artery cause in relation to the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

-contralateral sensory loss
-severe: upper limb and face

32
Q

What is the somatosensory association cortex?

A

In the superior parietal lobule

Is in charge of integrating different sensory inputs relayed via the primary somatosensory cortex to produce a comprehensive understanding:
• position of limbs
• location of touch or pain
• shape, weight & texture of an object

33
Q

What does damage to the somatosensory association cortex cause?

A

Unable to recognize objects without looking at them

34
Q

Label the key areas of the occipital lobe on the OneNote diagram…

A

Answers on OneNote

35
Q

What is the visual association area?

A

-Communicates with the primary visual cortex (in the occipital lobe)
-Interprets visual stimuli (identify the things we see aside from faces which are identified by the temporal lobe)

36
Q

What types of neurons do we do our ‘seeing’ with?

A

Cortical neurons

37
Q

Label the key areas in the temporal lobe using OneNote…

A

Answers on OneNote

38
Q

What shape are the Amygdala and Hippocampus? What are their roles? What surface do these structures sit on?

A

-Amygdala= almond shaped, invovled in emotions
-Hippocampus= bean shaped ish, invovled in learning + Memory

Both sit on the ventral surface of the brain (Seen from underneath)

39
Q

Complete the diagrams in OneNote showing the The Fornix, Thalamus + Hippocampus locations…

A

Refer to OneNote

40
Q

What is Wernick’s area? How does it’s function differ to the primary auditory cortex?

A

Wernick’s area= Auditory Association Area
• perception of sound stimulus
• store memories of sounds
• involved in the language process

Primary auditory cortex: is sensitive to pitch, rhythm & loudness

41
Q

What is the function of the insular lobe?

A

Possibly
- emotion
- homeostasis
- cognition
- perception, self-aware

42
Q

Is Broca’s area present in both hemipheres?

A

No, only 1 and usually the left

43
Q

What is the primary difference between Wernick’s + Brocca’s area in relation to language?

A

-Brocca’s area= Motor Speech Area where damage results in a non-fluent aphasia
-Wernick’s area= Sensory language area where damage results in a fluent aphasia

44
Q

Where is Wernick’s area?

A

The posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus

45
Q

To summarize what are the major functions of each cerebellar lobe?

A

-Frontal lobe contains voluntary motor functions and areas for language, planning, mood/personality, social judgment and smell

-Parietal lobe contains areas for sensory reception and integration of sensory information

-Occipital lobe is visual center of brain

-Temporal lobe contains areas for hearing, smell, learning, memory and emotional behavior

-Insular lobe is possibly linked to emotion, homeostasis, cognition,
perception, self-awareness.

ANAT242 (25 decks)

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