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ANAT242 > Lecture 23- Neuromodulation > Flashcards

Lecture 23- Neuromodulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is neuroendocrinology?

A

Studies the interaction between the nervous system and the endocrine system (hormones - circulatory system)

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2
Q

How is the neuroendocrine system bidirectional?

A

-Neurons regulate hormone secretion

-Hormones regulate neurons in the brain (i.e. act as neuromodulators).

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3
Q

How does the hypothalamus control the pituitary gland?

A

-Effect of hormones (estrogen) on neurons in the CNS
-The hypothalamus is connected by a stalk to the pituitary gland which releases hormones into the blood system

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4
Q

What is the hypothalamus known as?

A

The hypothalamus is a hypophysis or “Master Gland”- it secretes many hormones and regulates the function of other hormone-secreting glands.

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5
Q

What two important physiological processes does the hypothalamus and pituitary have a role in?

A

-homeostasis
-physiological responses (reproduction, stress, body weight)

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6
Q

What are the three zones of the hypothalamus?

A

lateral, medial and periventricular

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7
Q

What do the lateral and medial zones of the hypothalamus do?

A

lateral and medial project to brain stem and telencephalon

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8
Q

What does the periventricular zone of the hypothalamus do?

A

periventricular has multiple
functions including:-
regulation of the pituitary

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9
Q

Where do the Magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamus project to? What do they do?

A

-Magnocellular neurons project to posterior lobe of pituitary
-Magnocellular release neurohormones, oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH/ vasopressin) into the capillary bed (bloodstream)

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10
Q

How is Antidiuretic hormone release controlled from the hypothalamus?/ what does it do in the body?

A

Hypothalamus integrates multiple inputs
relating to blood pressure and osmolality:
* ADH regulates extracellular fluid volume
* ADH acts on kidney to increase water retention.
* and constricts blood vessels

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11
Q

What does oxytocin hormone do?

A

Oxytocin involved in uterine contraction and milk ejection

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12
Q

Does oxytocin and ADH act purely in the PNS?

A

No also act within the CNS

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13
Q

What do Parvocellular neurons of the hypothalamus regulate?

A

Anterior lobe of the pituitary

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14
Q

What type of hormones do Parvocellular neurons release and where do these go?

A

-Parvocellular neurons secrete hypophysiotropic hormones into the hypothalamic pituitary portal circulation
-These signals travel to the anterior pituitary and results in the release of other hormones

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15
Q

What are some examples of hypophysiotropic hormones?

A
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
  • Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH),
  • Growth hormone-releasing and inhibiting
    hormones (GHRH and somatostatin)
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16
Q

What are some hormones released from the anterior pituitary as a result of hypophysiotropic hormones?

A
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Growth hormone (GH)
  • Prolactin
17
Q

What is follicle stimulating hormone?

A

Stimulates estrogen secretion, egg production (females), sperm
production (males)

18
Q

What is Luteinizing Hormone (LH)?

A

Triggers ovulation, progestin production (females), androgen production (males). LH and FSH are collectively known
as gonadotrophins.

19
Q

What is Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?

A

Triggers thyroid hormone release, called thyroxine.

20
Q

What is Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)?

A

Stimulates glucocorticoid release from the adrenal gland

21
Q

What is Growth hormone (GH)?

A

Stimulates cell growth via somatomedins released from liver

22
Q

What is Prolactin (PRL)?

A

Stimulates mammary gland development and milk secretion

23
Q

Draw the flow chart to summarize the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary interaction…

A

Side 13

24
Q

Draw the flow chart to summarize the release of Gonadotropin releasing
hormone (GnRH)

A

Slide 15

25
Q

What hormones are important for males?

A
  • LH stimulates the testes to produce testosterone.
  • FSH is involved in the maturation of sperm cells within the testes.
  • Sperm maturation also requires testosterone, meaning that both LH and FSH play key roles in male fertility.
  • Because there is cortical input to the hypothalamus, it is possible for psychological factors to decrease male
    fertility by inhibiting gonadotropin secretion and sperm production.
26
Q

What hormones are important for females?

A
  • LH and FSH cause the secretion of estrogens from the ovaries. In the absence of gonadotropins, the ovaries are inactive, which is the situation throughout childhood.
  • Variations in LH and FSH levels in adult females cause changes in the ovaries, and control the reproductive cycle, or menstrual cycle.

NOTE: positive and negative feedback regulatory loops

27
Q

What is estrogen/ estradiol?

A

Is an examples of a steroid hormone
* Responsible for the development and
regulation of the female reproductive
system
* Estrogens play important physiological roles in males, although the levels are significantly lower in males than in females

28
Q

What is Testosterone is converted to in the brain?

A

Estradiol

29
Q

Where is estrogen in the CNS?

A

-Widely distributed
-Concentrated in pituitary and hypothalamus
-Also in the cortex, midbrain and cerebellum

30
Q

What is the neural effect of estrogen? Is this fast or slow?

A

-Alters both the structure and function of neurons

On the functional side:
-Alters the intrinsic excitability of neurons
-via modulating the flow of potassium ions
-Depolarization
-More action potentials
=This is fast

On the structural side:
-Neurite growth in the hypothalamus
-forming neuronal circuitry during brain development
-increasing the number of dendritic spines
=This is slow

31
Q

How does estrogen effect synaptic plasticity?

A
  • Enhanced postsynaptic responses to glutamate
    -Strengthens synapses
    -Growth of synapses
  • Decreasing synaptic inhibition.
    -Less GABA, less synaptic inhibition
32
Q

What disease could estrogen therapy potentially have an effect?

A

Alzheimer’s disease

33
Q

What are estrogen receptors and where are they located? Are they fast or slow acting?

A

Intracellular
* Estrogens are lipophilic and can enter the
brain by crossing membranes

  • Estrogens can bind intracellular receptors
    such as:
  • Nuclear estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ)
  • Transcription regulators
  • Alter gene transcription
    =Slow and long-lasting response
34
Q

What are the four steps of the Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction?

A

-Isolate (purify) RNA
-Convert RNA-cDNA
-Amplify target DNA (PCR)
-Analyse products

35
Q

As opposed to intracellular receptors what is the second type of estrogen receptor?

A

membrane-associated

ANAT242 (25 decks)

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