Lecture 4 - The Four Questions Applied to Behavioural Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

What two groups do species fall in to?

A

Specialists and generalists

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2
Q

Generalists example

A

Foxes rummaging in bins - can eat a wide range of food and line in a wide range of habitats

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3
Q

Specialists example

A

Giant panders
- Evolved to be specialised in what they eat and where they live

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4
Q

What volume of food do animals eat?

A
  • A selector of specific parts of a food that chooses for highly nutritious content (giraffe)
  • A bulk feeder that goes for quantity rather that quality (elephants)
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5
Q

How do animals choose food by colour?

A
  • Red and black (common colours) fruit are highly conspicuous, but colour DOES NOT indicate nutritional content.
  • Less common fruit colours indicate nutritional content
    (tannins, proteins, carbohydrates)
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6
Q

How to animals choose what not to eat?

A

Animals will avoid foods that induce sickness (e.g. Garcia et al., 1974).

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7
Q

How to generalists choose what not to eat?

A

Generalists that may encounter many different food types pay attention to sickness inducing cues.

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8
Q

How to specialists choose what not to eat?

A

Specialists that only ever each one type of food have no facultative response.

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9
Q

What is the optimal foraging theory?

A

Finding a trade off when optimum = max energy intake / cost

larger items -> more energy available however more cost in time and energy to find and/ or process

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10
Q

What are the two defences prey use?

A

Primary and secondary

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

What is a secondary defence?

A

Reducing the likelihood of a successful attack

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13
Q

What is a primary defence?

A

Reducing the probability of an attack

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14
Q

What are three examples of primary defences?

A
  1. remaining hidden
  2. pretending to be dangerous
  3. reducing your odds of being selected (being in a group)
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15
Q

What are the two keys forms of mimicry seen in the natural world?

A

Mullerian and Batesian

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16
Q

Who proposed mullerian mimicry?

A

Fritz Muller

17
Q

Who proposed batesian mimicry?

A

Henry Walter Bates

18
Q

What is mullerian mimicry?

A

an honest signal

19
Q

What is batesian mimicry?

A

a dishonest signal

20
Q

What is the mullerian mimicry trade-off

A

Cost of conspiciousness vs benefits of dilution on the probability of being predated

  • it depends on the number of noxious species in the predators range
21
Q

What is the batesian mimicry trade-off?

A

Cost of conspicuousness vs benefits of being thought noxious by predator

  • depends on proportion of noxious species to the ‘imposters’ in the predator’s range
22
Q

What are the 4 benefits to being in a group?

A
  1. Dilution.
  2. Confusion.
  3. Selfish herding.
  4. Vigilance.
23
Q

Example of dillution

A

Female wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) that defend their young from attack will have a higher lifetime reproductive success, compared to those that simply run with the herd.

24
Q

What are the benefits of being in a group?

A

Individuals should choose to join groups of an optimum size to maximise their investment in the group ‘ideal’

25
What are four examples of secondary defence systems?
1. distractions 2. alarm calls 3. mobbing 4. Showing off