Lecture 4- Susceptibility models Flashcards
What do susceptibility models suggest?
Says addiction is caused due to individual vulnerabilities eg genetic, psychological, environ factors
What is addiction actually caused by?
addiction is often caused by a combination of susceptibility and exposure.
How does susceptibility vary?
Susceptibility varies within age/sex/genetics as younger people are more likely to experiment.
Also, genes may affect amount of dopamine receptors/metabolism
What are some factors affecting susceptibility?
Drug availability, Neighbourhood type, family criminality, MH, attachment, parenting style, school, role modelling
What is neurobehavioral disinhibition?
Combination of factors causing dysregulation within the brain (particularly PFC) which leads to less good LT decision making eg ADHD, temperment
What is a real life example of Neurobehavioral disinhibition?
Phineas gage, in which accident caused rod through PFC and caused severe frontal lesion, and found after damage, persevered intellect but was unreliable at work and became alcoholic.
What does the real life example of Phineas gage suggest?
Suggests PFC associated functions, such as decision making, long-term thinking, impulsivity and risk-taking tendencies influence addiction behavior.
How does the Iowa Gambling task affect decision making?
4 decks of cards in which 2 are rigged to create higher upfront reward but lead to greater overall loss. Found those w/ frontal lobe damage from most types of addiction struggle to successfully complete as tend to choose greater upfront reward despite long term loss.
What is the general impression of drug use and what does it suggest about susceptibility?
General impression is that maturity increases over age until about 20/25. Suggest the susceptibility for drug use amongst younger people might, in some cases, be due to PFC underdevelopment
Describe the cause and effect of decision making w/ drugs
Risky decision making -> Drug use -> PFC damage -> risky decision making etc
What are the trends with risky decision making and drugs?
-Risky decision making seen in high-risk children before any drug use,
-Risky decision making predicted the onset and magnitude of drug use,
-Suggests PFC damage or dysregulation is a major susceptibility factor for becoming a drug user.
What is selecting bad decks in Iowa task caused by?
Aspects of risky decision making:
- Reward hypersensitivity,
- Reward hyposensitivity (insensitivity),
- Punishment insensitivity,
- Faulty error detection.
What are the 3 aspects of DSM drug dependence criteria?
(punishment insensitivity)
1) Continued use of drugs even though known to cause trouble with family or friends.
2) Job/study troubles because of drug use.
3) Continued use of drugs even though known to cause a health problem or make a health problem worse eg lung cancer
Describe the Deroshe-Gamonet et al (2004) study in regards to punishment insensitivity
Trained rats to give themselves coke then put them through withdrawal and found after coke was reintroduced some relapsed even when it was paired w/ shock.
What is faulty error detection?
Addicts may have full knowledge of adverse consequences but may not be able to use knowledge to correct their behaviour. Shown through ERP (event related potential).
What is the impact on frontal cortex activity for cocaine addicts?
Cocaine addicts show reduced frontal activity in response to errors and less post-error improvement suggesting that addicts have less knowledge of consequences so lower ability to modify behaviour.
What is a decrease in reward sensitivity called?
Anhedonia
How does Anhedonia motivate drug use?
Drugs can quickly correct or improve mood through neg reinforcement so you want to continue taking so you continue feeling good mood
Describe Reward hypersensitivity regarding risky decision making
Oversensitivity to rewards, due to drug hijacking brain substrate, likely contributes to risk taking as you want new highs produced by drugs.
Describe Reward hyposensitivity in regards to risky decision making
For those w/ addiction, hypo contributes to drug use maintenance as continued use means more needed to produce same effect.
