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CELS191 > Lecture 4 (Prokaryotes) > Flashcards

Lecture 4 (Prokaryotes) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the total number of bacterial cells on earth?

A

5X10^30

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2
Q

How many forms of bacteria life are there?

A

10^-19

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3
Q

What is the bacteria’s cell wall made of ?

A

Peptidoglycan

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4
Q

What is the function of the bacteria’s cell wall?

A
  1. To provide a rigid macromolecular layer that provides strength to the cell
  2. Prevents osmotic lysis
  3. Confers the cell shape
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5
Q

What is the structure of peptidoglycan like?

A

Large mesh-like structure

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6
Q

What are the key components of peptidoglycan?

A

Carbohydrate backbone
Peptide cross bridges
Peptide side chains

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7
Q

How are the peptide side chains joined together?

A

Transpeptidase catalyses these the formation of the cross bridges.

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8
Q

Structure of a Gram-Positive bacteria cell wall

A

Thick peptidoglycan layer

1 layer of plasma membrane

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9
Q

Structure of a Gram-Negative bacteria cell wall

A

Outer plasma membrane
Thin layer of peptidoglycan
Inner plasma membrane

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10
Q

What are the initial steps in identifying Gram-Positive Gram-Negative bacteria?

A

Add crystal violet to each of the cell walls

Then add alcohol to remove the crystal violet.

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11
Q

Which type bacteria should have the crystal violet left over?

A

Gram-Positive

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12
Q

Function of the Flagella

A

To enable the cell to move through a liquid medium

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13
Q

What do flagella look like?

A

Long flexible hair-like structures

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14
Q

What are the three major sections of the flagella structure?

A

Long Filament
Hook
Basal Body

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15
Q

What are the respective functions of each major sections of the flagella?

A

Long Filament - the propeller
Hook - Curved section connecting the filament to the cell surface
Basal body - anchoring the flagellum by plates or rings

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16
Q

What is the tactic response shown by bacteria?

A

Chemotaxis

17
Q

Definition of chemotaxis

A

Where bacteria move along a concentration gradient either towards or away a chemical attractant.

18
Q

What will CCW rotation of the flagellum cause and the position of the flagellum?

A

Running and Swimming, Bundled flagella

19
Q

What will CW rotation of the flagellum cause and the position of the flagellum?

A

Tumbling, Flagella is pushed apart.

20
Q

How do bacteria sense changes in concentration?

A

Temporal gradients

21
Q

What are temporal gradients

A

Varying concentrations in different locations over time with chemoreceptors.

22
Q

Why can’t they sense the location of the chemical attractant?

A

They are too small to sense spatial gradients

23
Q

Function of Fimbriae

A

Structures with adhesive properties that can cause them to stick to surfaces

24
Q

Why do not all bacteria possess Fimbriae?

A

Because it is an inherited trait

25
Q

What are some substructures on the Fimbriae? What do they do?

A

Adhesins - the binding bit of the fimbriae to specific cell receptors
Fimbrins - protein subunits that form the pore down the centre.

26
Q

What are capsules and slime layers made from?

A

Glycocalyx

27
Q

What is the structure of Glycocalyx in Capsules?

A

Defined, attached firmly to the cell wall

28
Q

What is the structure of Glycocalyx in Slime layers?

A

Disorganised, attached loosely to the cell wall

29
Q

Functions of Capsules/Slime layers

A
  1. Protects cells from being engulfed
  2. Helps with bacteria’s adhesion properties
  3. Provides a layer of nutrients
  4. Prevents cell from drying out
30
Q

What are bacteria endospores?

A

Highly differentiated cells that are resistant to harsh conditions which lay dormant.

31
Q

Why are bacterial endospores forms?

A

They are formed under unfavourable growth conditions, protects cells form stress.

32
Q

Types fo bacterial endospores?

A

Terminal
Subterminal
Central

33
Q

What are the different layers of a bacteria endospore? (From superficial to deep)

A 
Exosporium
Spore Coat
Core Wall
Cortex
DNA
34
Q

Properties of endospores

A

Heat and Radiation resistant
Water content is low
High in Ca2+
Dormant

CELS191 (15 decks)

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