Lecture #4 (Processes)

Question 1

What is the difference between deterministic and probabistic?

Answer 1

Deterministic implies the liklihood of an outcome is 100% certain while probabilistic means the outcome is not with 100% certainty

Question 2

What is the difference between random and stochastic?

Answer 2

Random is when the outcome is completely random and stochastic is when not all outcomes yield the same probability (chance of seeing a bear on campus)

Question 3

What is formula for probability?

Answer 3

P (A) = F (A) / F (E) where F (A) = the frequency of something occuring and F (E) = the frequency of all outcomes

Question 4

What is a compliment?

Answer 4

The frequency of something not happening

Question 5

What is statistical independance?

Answer 5

Statistical independence means the outcome of the first event has no impact on the next outcome

Question 6

What is conditional dependence?

Answer 6

The probability changes after the first outcome (you take a king from the deck of cards. Now the chances of getting a queen went from 4/52 to 4/51)

Question 7

Discrete probability is when

Answer 7

Probability exists with finite value (dice)

Question 8

Continuous probability is

Answer 8

when the probability is a continuous value (weight of baby)

Question 9

Dichotomous means

Answer 9

There are two outcomes (yes/no)

This can be expressed using a binary distrubution

Question 10

Integer or discrete means

Answer 10

There are more than two outcomes

This can be expressed in a poisson distribution

Question 11

Continuous means

Answer 11

There exists fractional or decimal possibilites

This can be expressed using a normal distribution

Question 12

What do you call data that doesn’t conform to these probabilty distributions?

Answer 12

Non-parametric statistics

Question 13

What are some characteristics of a normal distribution probability function?

Answer 13

Bell shaped, mean = 0, standard deviation = 1, total area underneath = 100%,

Question 14

What are Z-scores?

Answer 14

Z scores calculate the area (probabilty) to the left or right of the mean

Question 15

What is the percentage of area per each standard deviation?

Answer 15

+/- 1 SD = 68%
+/- 2 SD = 95%
+/- 3 SD = 99.7%

Question 16

How do you calculate Z-Scores?

Answer 16

Z = (value for data - mean of the original data) / SD of original data

Z = (x - o) / u

Question 17

What does the central limit theroum argue?

Answer 17

The mean of a large number of independent random samples will be normally distributed, and will be the same as the population mean

Question 18

What affects the standard error of the mean?

Answer 18

a) the variability of the population which can be measured by the variance and SD
b) the sample size

Question 19

Is a smaller SEM (standard error of the mean) good or bad?

Answer 19

A smaller SEM is good (more accurate)

Question 20

How do we calculate the SEM?

Answer 20

SEM = SD / √n

Question 21

What is a binomial distribution?

Answer 21

There is either an event or there is not, the likelihood is statistically independent

Question 22

A geometric distribution is

Answer 22

The question of the likelihood of observing an event for the first time after n years

A type of binomial distribution

Question 23

Poisson distributions can be classified as

Answer 23

Probability distribution for integer or discrete data (catagorized); there are more than two possible outcomes but each can occur completely

Question 24

Poisson distribution is perfect for

Answer 24

discrete or integer

Question 25

Normal distribution is perfect for

Answer 25

continuous data