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GEOG 251 > Lecture #1 (Introduction) > Flashcards

Lecture #1 (Introduction) Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we use statistics in geography?

A

To categorize the population

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2
Q

What are the 7 types of data classifications?

A

(CUTBONI) Useless, nominal, binary, ordinal, count, time, interval

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3
Q

What are the levels of measurement?

A

(NOIR) Nominal, ordinal, cardinal interval, cardinal ratio

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4
Q

Useless data is

A

Data that has no meaning (SIN #)

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5
Q

Nominal data is

A

Discrete data that does have a relationship with the outcome but is not inferred (nationality)

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6
Q

Binary data is

A

Discrete data with two catagories

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7
Q

Ordinal data is

A

A ranking system

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8
Q

Count data is

A

How many (population)

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9
Q

Time data is

A

Time related data (GDP)

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10
Q

What is the difference between explicit and implicit data?

A

Explicit data is data that has a location aspect analyzed such as dead tree patterns in a forest. Implicit data has no direct locational aspect such as age of houses and their assessed value

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11
Q

What is the difference between individual and aggregate data?

A

Individual data is when the data is of a single phenomena (height of a tree)
Aggregate data is when the data is a summary of a location or place (average height of a tree in BC)

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12
Q

What is the difference between individual and aggregate data?

A

Individual data is when the data is of a single phenomena (height of a tree)
Aggregate data is when the data is a summary of a location or place (average height of a tree in BC)

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13
Q

What is the modifiable area unit problem?

A

How data is aggregated or divided up yields differing results

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14
Q

What is the ecological fallacy?

A

The ecologoical fallacy is when we use large areas to determine the attributes of a smaller area

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15
Q

What does discrete data mean?

A

Discrete data means that only a certain number of things can exist (trees)

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16
Q

What does continuous data mean?

A

Continuous data is when the data has an infinite or any value (air pressure)

17
Q

What is the difference between an explanatory and response variable?

A

An explanatory variable is when you state the expected cause (We changed the square footage)
A response variable is the thing that has changed after changing the variable (to observe plant growth)

18
Q

What is group data?

A

Group data is when you divide data into bins (1-5, 6-10, 11-15)

19
Q

What is primary and secondary data?

A

Primary data is when data is from your own research of observations
Secondary data is when the data is from other sources

20
Q

Meta data is

A

Data about data (50% of Americans drink alcohol, this study interviewed adults aged 21+)

21
Q

What is the difference between accuracy and precision?

A

Accuracy is when the data is correct (Vancouver is north of Seattle)
Precision is how detailed the data is (Vancouver is 90.6km north of Seattle)

22
Q

What is a systematic error?

A

An error that occurs within the system of observation, changing the data (The interviewer had an option listed twice)

23
Q

What is a random error?

A

A random error is an error that occurs by mistake (the interviewee wrote down the wrong response)

24
Q

What does an uppercase variable and lowercase variable mean?

A

A variable that refers to populations is uppercase

A variable that refers to samples is lowercase

25
Q

What are common sampling strategies?

A

(SCSCS) Simple random, stratified, cluster, systematic, convenience

26
Q

What is a simple random sample?

A

A completely random sample (10 people chosen in Canada)

27
Q

What is a convenience sample?

A

A sample based off convenience (Dr. Keller’s class)

28
Q

What is a systematic sample?

A

A sample where a system is put in place to choose the participants (every third person)

29
Q

What is a cluster sample?

A

A sample where the population is divided into random clusters and then a cluster is chosen

30
Q

What is a stratified sample?

A

The population is divided into groups and random people are selected from each group

31
Q

A sampling error is when

A

The participants will yield similar answers (asking young people if houses are too expensive)

32
Q

A selection bias is when

A

You ask a group that will have a common consensus

33
Q

A response bias is when

A

The answer will not be truth-full based of fear (Dentist asking if you floss)

34
Q

Non-response bias is when

A

The study is conducted in such a way that annoys people into not answering

35
Q

Voluntary response bias is what?

A

People volunteering because they have strong opinions

GEOG 251 (9 decks)

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