Lecture 4- Principles of Articulation Flashcards

1
Q

what are the

joint structural classification?

A
  • Presence or absence of a synovial cavity and the type of connective tissue.
  • Described as either fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial
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2
Q

what are the

joint fuctional classification?

A

Based on the degree of movement permitted:
Synarthrosis (immovable)
Amphiarthrosis (partially moveable)

Diarthrosis (freely moveable)

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3
Q

Describe the features of fibrous joints?

A
  • No synovial cavity
  • Held together by a fibrous connective tissue
  • Permits little or no movement (synarthrosis/amphiarthrosis)
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4
Q

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

A
  1. Suture 2. Syndesmosis 3. Interosseous membrane
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5
Q

Describe the suture joints?

A
  • Unite skull bones
  • Thin layer of dense connective tissue
  • Irregular
  • Interlocking edges provide strength, permit no movement (synarthrosis)
  • Ossification of a suture forms a synostosis
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6
Q

Describe the syndesmosis joint?

A
  • More connective tissue than seen in a suture
  • Crosses a greater distance than a suture
  • Connective tissue typically arranged into bundles (ligament)
  • Typically permit slight movement (amphiarthrosis)
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7
Q

Describe the interosseous membranes joints?

A
  • Sheet of dense connective tissue
  • Binds adjacent long bones
  • Amphiarthrosis
  • Two main examples between the radius and ulna in forearm, and tibia and fibia in the leg
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8
Q

Describe the cartilaginous joints features?

A
  • No synovial cavity
  • Held together by a fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
  • Permits little or no movement (synarthrosis/amphiarthrosis)
  • Two types of cartilaginous joint: 1. Synchrondosis
    2. symphysis
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9
Q

Describe cartilaginous joints - synchrondosis?

A

-The connective tissue is hyaline cartilage
-Synarthrosis
Example: epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

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10
Q

describe the Cartilaginous joints as symphysis?

A

-Connective tissue is fibrocartilage
-Adjacent bones lined with hyaline cartilage, but with a broad disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones
-Amphiarthrosis
All symphysis occur in the midline of the body:
-Junction of the manubrium and sternum
-Intervertebral discs
-Pubic symphysis

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11
Q

Describe the synovial joints?

A
  • Synovial (joint) cavity between articulating bones
  • Freely moveable - diarthrosis
  • Layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage
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12
Q

Synovial joint structure: Articular cartilage

A
  • Covers the bones at synovial joints

- Avascular

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13
Q

what is the synovial joint composed of?

A
  • Composed of collagen and proteoglycan

- Orientation of collagen structure imparts resistance to compression & an extremely low resistance surface

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14
Q

Synovial joint structure: Articular capsule

A
  • Encapsulates a synovial joint

- Composed of two layers

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15
Q

Synovial joint structure: Articular capsule layers

A
  • Outer fibrous membrane connects to periosteum:
    1) Flexibility permits movement 2) Fibres arranged into bundles – high tensile strength
  • Inner layer termed synovial membrane 1) areolar connective tissue rich in elastic fibres
    2) occasionally contains structural articular fat pads
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16
Q

Synovial joint structure- Synovial fluid:

A
  • Secreted by synovial membrane
  • Rich in hyaluronic acid, secreted by fibroblast-like cells, and interstitial fluid from blood plasma
  • Lubricates articular surface – reducing friction
  • Provides some shock-absorbing properties
  • Supplies nutrition to, and removes waste products from the avascular articular cartilage
  • Phagocytes remove microbes and debris
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17
Q

Synovial joint structure: Accessory ligaments- Intracapsular

A
  • Intracapsular ligaments lie within the joint capsule -Excluded from synovial fluid by folds in synovial membrane
  • e.g. anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of the knee
18
Q

Synovial joint structure: Accessory ligaments- extracapsular

A

Extracapsular ligaments lie outside the joint capsule

- e.g. fibular and tibial collateral ligaments of the knee

19
Q

Synovial joint structure: Accessory articular discs

A

-Fibrocartilage pads lie between articular cartilage of some synovial joints e.g.meniscus of the knee
Called meniscii or articular discs
-Help maintain joint stability
-Direct the flow of synovial fluid

20
Q

injury of Accessory articular discs called?

A

-Meniscal tears (common in athletes)

21
Q

Synovial joint structure: Nerve and blood supply

A
  • Nerve endings same as those that supply associated muscles
  • Distributed to the articular capsule and associated ligaments
  • Pain and proprioception
22
Q

Synovial joint blood supply?

A
  • Many synovial joint are avascular

- Rely on branching of arteries and veins to supply associated tissue

23
Q

Synovial joint structure: Bursae

A
  • Moving parts of joints can cause friction
  • Bursae are fluid filled sacs lined with synovial like membrane
  • Bursae cushion movement between body parts
24
Q

Synovial joint structure: Tendon sheath

A
  • Tendon sheaths are similar to bursae
  • Specialised membranes that wrap around tendons
  • Especially where many tendons come together and/or pass through a synovial joint capsule
25
Types of synovial joints - movement
- Planar - Hinge - Pivot - Condyloid - Saddle - Ball & Socket
26
Types of synovial joints - planar
-Surfaces flat or slightly curved -Permit back and forth, and side to side movements Examples include: - intercarpal joints (between carpal bones at the wrist) - intertarsal joints (between tarsal bones at the ankle)
27
Types of synovial joints - hinge
-Concave surface of one bone fits the convex surface of another -Permits motion in a single axis (flexion and extension) Examples include: - knee joints - elbow joints
28
Types of synovial joints - pivot
-Rounded or pointed surface of one bone pivots inside a ring formed by the other bone and a ligament -Permits rotation in it’s longitudinal axis (monoaxial) Examples include: - radioulnar joints - atlanto-axial joint
29
Types of synovial joints - condyloid
-Convex oval projection of one bone fit into the oval depression of the other. -Permits movement around two axis (biaxial; flexion and extension, and abduction and adduction) Examples include: -wrist joint -metacarpophalangeal joints
30
Types of synovial joints - saddle
-One bone fits into the saddle shaped bone it opposes -Modified condyloid joint -Permits movement around two axis (biaxial; flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, (sometimes limited rotation)) Examples include: - carpometacarpal joint
31
Types of synovial joints: ball and socket
-Ball-like surface of one bone fits into the cup-like depression of the other -Triaxial movement around three planes (triaxial; -flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and rotation) Examples include: - shoulder joint - hip joint
32
Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint- Ball socket joint
- Synovial ball and socket joint - Joint between the proximal humerus and the scapula (glenoid fossa) - Due to the shallowness of the glenoid cavity, it is the most mobile joint in the body
33
Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint- Ball socket joint consist of?
-Glenoid labrum; a narrow rim of fibrocartilage – deepens glenoid -Stabilised by three ligaments: 1) glenohumeral 2) coracohumeral 3) transverse humeral and Four associated bursae
34
Glenohumeral joint – name the rotator cuff muscles
- Most strength from rotator cuff muscles 1) supraspinatus 2) infraspinatus 3) teres minor 4) subscapularis
35
Glenohumeral joint function?
- Join the scapula with the humerus | - Encircle the joint and fuse with joint capsule
36
Describe the movements caused by rotator cuff muscles?
- Supraspinatus - abducts and externally rotates humerus - Infraspinatus - externally rotates humerus - teres minor - externally rotates humerus - Subscapularis - internally rotates humerus
37
Acromioclavicular joint
- Technically a synovial gliding joint (planar) but it acts like a pivot - Joint between the acromion (part of the scapula) and the clavical
38
Acromioclavicular joint stabilised by?
- acromioclavicular - coracoacromial -coracolclavicular (conoid and trapezoid) - Allows the movement of the scapula, permitting greater arm rotation (above the head)
39
Sternoclavicular joint
- Synovial saddle joint - Medial clavicle fits into a hollow formed by the superlateral surface of the manubrium and the medial costal cartilage of the first rib. - Fibrocartilagenous articular disc divides the joint into two synovial cavities
40
Sternoclavicular joint reinforced by?
Reinforced by interclavicular, anterior, and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments
41
what is special about Sternoclavicular joint movement?
Although a saddle joint – is capable of triaxial movement – all movement is passive