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BSMS 204- Theme 3 > Lecture 4- Principles of Articulation > Flashcards

Lecture 4- Principles of Articulation Flashcards

1
Q

what are the

joint structural classification?

A
  • Presence or absence of a synovial cavity and the type of connective tissue.
  • Described as either fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial
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2
Q

what are the

joint fuctional classification?

A

Based on the degree of movement permitted:
Synarthrosis (immovable)
Amphiarthrosis (partially moveable)

Diarthrosis (freely moveable)

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3
Q

Describe the features of fibrous joints?

A
  • No synovial cavity
  • Held together by a fibrous connective tissue
  • Permits little or no movement (synarthrosis/amphiarthrosis)
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4
Q

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

A
  1. Suture 2. Syndesmosis 3. Interosseous membrane
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5
Q

Describe the suture joints?

A
  • Unite skull bones
  • Thin layer of dense connective tissue
  • Irregular
  • Interlocking edges provide strength, permit no movement (synarthrosis)
  • Ossification of a suture forms a synostosis
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6
Q

Describe the syndesmosis joint?

A
  • More connective tissue than seen in a suture
  • Crosses a greater distance than a suture
  • Connective tissue typically arranged into bundles (ligament)
  • Typically permit slight movement (amphiarthrosis)
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7
Q

Describe the interosseous membranes joints?

A
  • Sheet of dense connective tissue
  • Binds adjacent long bones
  • Amphiarthrosis
  • Two main examples between the radius and ulna in forearm, and tibia and fibia in the leg
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8
Q

Describe the cartilaginous joints features?

A
  • No synovial cavity
  • Held together by a fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
  • Permits little or no movement (synarthrosis/amphiarthrosis)
  • Two types of cartilaginous joint: 1. Synchrondosis
    2. symphysis
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9
Q

Describe cartilaginous joints - synchrondosis?

A

-The connective tissue is hyaline cartilage
-Synarthrosis
Example: epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

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10
Q

describe the Cartilaginous joints as symphysis?

A

-Connective tissue is fibrocartilage
-Adjacent bones lined with hyaline cartilage, but with a broad disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones
-Amphiarthrosis
All symphysis occur in the midline of the body:
-Junction of the manubrium and sternum
-Intervertebral discs
-Pubic symphysis

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11
Q

Describe the synovial joints?

A
  • Synovial (joint) cavity between articulating bones
  • Freely moveable - diarthrosis
  • Layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage
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12
Q

Synovial joint structure: Articular cartilage

A
  • Covers the bones at synovial joints

- Avascular

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13
Q

what is the synovial joint composed of?

A
  • Composed of collagen and proteoglycan

- Orientation of collagen structure imparts resistance to compression & an extremely low resistance surface

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14
Q

Synovial joint structure: Articular capsule

A
  • Encapsulates a synovial joint

- Composed of two layers

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15
Q

Synovial joint structure: Articular capsule layers

A
  • Outer fibrous membrane connects to periosteum:
    1) Flexibility permits movement 2) Fibres arranged into bundles – high tensile strength
  • Inner layer termed synovial membrane 1) areolar connective tissue rich in elastic fibres
    2) occasionally contains structural articular fat pads
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16
Q

Synovial joint structure- Synovial fluid:

A
  • Secreted by synovial membrane
  • Rich in hyaluronic acid, secreted by fibroblast-like cells, and interstitial fluid from blood plasma
  • Lubricates articular surface – reducing friction
  • Provides some shock-absorbing properties
  • Supplies nutrition to, and removes waste products from the avascular articular cartilage
  • Phagocytes remove microbes and debris
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17
Q

Synovial joint structure: Accessory ligaments- Intracapsular

A
  • Intracapsular ligaments lie within the joint capsule -Excluded from synovial fluid by folds in synovial membrane
  • e.g. anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of the knee
18
Q

Synovial joint structure: Accessory ligaments- extracapsular

A

Extracapsular ligaments lie outside the joint capsule

- e.g. fibular and tibial collateral ligaments of the knee

19
Q

Synovial joint structure: Accessory articular discs

A

-Fibrocartilage pads lie between articular cartilage of some synovial joints e.g.meniscus of the knee
Called meniscii or articular discs
-Help maintain joint stability
-Direct the flow of synovial fluid

20
Q

injury of Accessory articular discs called?

A

-Meniscal tears (common in athletes)

21
Q

Synovial joint structure: Nerve and blood supply

A
  • Nerve endings same as those that supply associated muscles
  • Distributed to the articular capsule and associated ligaments
  • Pain and proprioception
22
Q

Synovial joint blood supply?

A
  • Many synovial joint are avascular

- Rely on branching of arteries and veins to supply associated tissue

23
Q

Synovial joint structure: Bursae

A
  • Moving parts of joints can cause friction
  • Bursae are fluid filled sacs lined with synovial like membrane
  • Bursae cushion movement between body parts
24
Q

Synovial joint structure: Tendon sheath

A
  • Tendon sheaths are similar to bursae
  • Specialised membranes that wrap around tendons
  • Especially where many tendons come together and/or pass through a synovial joint capsule
25
Q

Types of synovial joints - movement

A
  • Planar
  • Hinge
  • Pivot
  • Condyloid
  • Saddle
  • Ball & Socket
26
Q

Types of synovial joints - planar

A

-Surfaces flat or slightly curved
-Permit back and forth, and side to side movements
Examples include:
- intercarpal joints (between carpal bones at the wrist)
- intertarsal joints (between tarsal bones at the ankle)

27
Q

Types of synovial joints - hinge

A

-Concave surface of one bone fits the convex surface of another
-Permits motion in a single axis (flexion and extension)
Examples include:
- knee joints - elbow joints

28
Q

Types of synovial joints - pivot

A

-Rounded or pointed surface of one bone
pivots inside a ring formed by the other bone and a ligament
-Permits rotation in it’s longitudinal axis (monoaxial)
Examples include: - radioulnar joints - atlanto-axial joint

29
Q

Types of synovial joints - condyloid

A

-Convex oval projection of one bone fit into the oval depression of the other.
-Permits movement around two axis (biaxial; flexion and extension, and abduction and adduction)
Examples include: -wrist joint
-metacarpophalangeal joints

30
Q

Types of synovial joints - saddle

A

-One bone fits into the saddle shaped bone it opposes
-Modified condyloid joint
-Permits movement around two axis (biaxial; flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, (sometimes limited rotation))
Examples include: - carpometacarpal joint

31
Q

Types of synovial joints: ball and socket

A

-Ball-like surface of one bone fits into the cup-like depression of the other
-Triaxial movement around three planes (triaxial;
-flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and rotation)
Examples include: - shoulder joint
- hip joint

32
Q

Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint- Ball socket joint

A
  • Synovial ball and socket joint
  • Joint between the proximal humerus and the scapula (glenoid fossa)
  • Due to the shallowness of the glenoid cavity, it is the most mobile joint in the body
33
Q

Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint- Ball socket joint consist of?

A

-Glenoid labrum; a narrow rim of fibrocartilage – deepens glenoid
-Stabilised by three ligaments:
1) glenohumeral
2) coracohumeral
3) transverse humeral
and Four associated bursae

34
Q

Glenohumeral joint – name the rotator cuff muscles

A
  • Most strength from rotator cuff muscles
    1) supraspinatus 2) infraspinatus
    3) teres minor
    4) subscapularis
35
Q

Glenohumeral joint function?

A
  • Join the scapula with the humerus

- Encircle the joint and fuse with joint capsule

36
Q

Describe the movements caused by rotator cuff muscles?

A
  • Supraspinatus - abducts and externally rotates humerus
  • Infraspinatus - externally rotates humerus
  • teres minor - externally rotates humerus
  • Subscapularis - internally rotates humerus
37
Q

Acromioclavicular joint

A
  • Technically a synovial gliding joint (planar) but it acts like a pivot
  • Joint between the acromion (part of the scapula) and the clavical
38
Q

Acromioclavicular joint stabilised by?

A
  • acromioclavicular
  • coracoacromial -coracolclavicular (conoid and trapezoid)
  • Allows the movement of the scapula, permitting greater arm rotation (above the head)
39
Q

Sternoclavicular joint

A
  • Synovial saddle joint
  • Medial clavicle fits into a hollow formed by the superlateral surface of the manubrium and the medial costal cartilage of the first rib.
  • Fibrocartilagenous articular disc divides the joint into two synovial cavities
40
Q

Sternoclavicular joint reinforced by?

A

Reinforced by interclavicular, anterior, and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments

41
Q

what is special about Sternoclavicular joint movement?

A

Although a saddle joint – is capable of triaxial movement – all movement is passive

BSMS 204- Theme 3 (5 decks)

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