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PSY 124 > Lecture 4: Prejudice > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Prejudice Flashcards

1
Q

What is Prejudice?

A

Negative feelings toward persons based on their membership in certain groups

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2
Q

What is Discrimination?

A

Behavior toward persons because of their membership in a certain group

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3
Q

What is Stereotypes?

A

Belief or association that links a group of people with certain traits or characteristics

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4
Q

What is Racism?

A

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s race, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one race over another

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5
Q

What is Sexism?

A

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s gender, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender over
another

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6
Q

What is some evidence that racism has decreased in Canada?

A
  • closing of residential schools
  • closed Indian hospitals
  • compensation for the 60s scoop
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7
Q

What shows that Canada is still alive and well in racism?

A

The chronic underfunding of indigenous children, or racism in healthcare

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8
Q

What is Evidence that Some Racism is Decreasing?

A

The public opinion polls have indicated that racial prejudice in the United States has dropped sharply since World War II. A study depicts one dramatic example of this trend concerning attitudes toward interracial marriage (Moberg et al., 2019; Newport, 2015). Indeed, 1 in 6 newlyweds in 2015 married someone of a different race or ethnicity, compared to only 1 in 33 in 1967..

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9
Q

What is Modern Racism?

A

A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy
to rationalize

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10
Q

What is Aversive Racism?

A

Racism that concerns the
ambivalence between fair-minded attitudes and beliefs
on the one hand and unconscious and unrecognized
prejudicial feelings and beliefs on the other

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11
Q

What study did (Bucolo & Cohn, 2010; Fein et al., 1997;
Maeder & Yamamoto, 2019; Sommers & Ellsworth,
2009) conduct?

A

Several studies have found that white participants playing the role of jurors may be more likely to convict a black than a white defendant for a crime particularly when the evidence is ambiguous.

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11
Q

What did (e.g., Cascio &
Plant, 2015; Merritt et al., 2010; Merritt et al., 2012) find?

A

Ambivalent forms of racism are often evident in the “but some of my best friends are . . .” excuse. That is, people establish their moral credentials of not being racist by demonstrating—to others or even to themselves— that they have good friends from the racial or ethnic group in question or have behaved in ways that were quite fair to members of this group

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11
Q

Examples of racial micro-aggressions?

A

E.g., “Indigenous people don’t pay
taxes”
E.g., “You’re not like other [group
members]”

  • Microaggressions can be sexist,
    ableist, ageist, etc.
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12
Q

What are Racial Micro-aggressions?

A

subtle but hurtful forms of regular discrimination

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13
Q

What is Implicit Racism?

A

Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally

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14
Q

What is an example of implicit racism?

A

E.g., Okonofua & Eberhardt (2015)
* IV: Black-sounding or White-
sounding name
* DV: Punishment
* First infraction, no difference
* Second infraction, harsher
punishment to student with Black-sounding name

The teachers reported being more troubled and recommended more severe discipline after the second round of mis- behavior if he apparently was black rather than white

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15
Q

How do we measure Implicit Racism?

A

The most well known of these measures is the Implicit Association Test (IAT), first developed and tested by Anthony Greenwald and others (1998). The IAT measures the extent to which two concepts are asso- ciated. It measures implicit racism toward African Americans by comparing howquickly participants associate African American cues (such as a black face) with negative or positive concepts compared to how quickly they associate European American cues with these same concepts. If someone is consistently slower identifying something good after seeing a black face than a white face, for example, this would indicate a degree of implicit racism.

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16
Q

What are the cons of IAT?

A
  • Controversial
  • Related to attitudes and behaviours
  • May not reliably predict behaviour across
    time/situation
  • May reflect socialization than individual bias
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17
Q

What are Interracial Interactions?

A

The divides between racial or ethnic groups tend to be more vast and may promote stronger feelings of hostility, fear, and distrust than the divides based on other social categories, such as gender, appearance, and age.

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18
Q

What are metastereotypes?

A

individuals engaging in intergroup interactions often activate metastereotypes, or thoughts about the outgroup’s stereotypes about them, and worry about being seen as consistent with these stereotypes.

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19
Q

What is Ambivalent sexism?

A

There are two types
1. hostile
2. benevolent

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20
Q

What is Hostile sexism?

A

negative, resentful feelings about women’s abilities, value, and challenge to men’s power

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21
Q

What is Benevolent sexism?

A

affectionate, chivalrous feelings based in patronizing belief that women need/deserve protection

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22
Q

Ambivalent sexism consists of two elements…

A

Hostile and Benevolent sexism

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23
Q

What are some other forms of Prejudice?

A

Physical disabilities or disfigurements, mental health,
political ideology, economic class, weight, being unmarried, religion, sexuality, age, gender expression

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24
Q

What is a Stereotype threat?

A

The experience of concern about
being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about
one’s group

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25
Q

What study did Steele & Aaronson, 1995, conduct?

A

White and Black participants
complete a very difficult test.
* IV: “Test of intelligence” or
“problem-solving task”
* DV: performance on test
* When described as test of
intelligence, Black participants
performed significantly worse

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26
Q

What is Social categorization and intergroup conflict?

A

The classification of persons
into groups based on common attributes
* Natural and can be adaptive

  • Leads us to overestimate the differences between groups and to underestimate the differences within groups
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27
Q

What is an Ingroup?

A

Groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity - “us”

28
Q

What is an outgroup?

A

What is an Groups with which an individual does not feel
a sense of membership, belonging, or identity - “them”

29
Q

What is Consequences of
in-group and outgroup?

A

Exaggerate the differences between our ingroups and
other outgroups thus forming/reinforcing stereotypes

30
Q

What is Outgroup homogeneity effect?

A

The tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups

31
Q

What is Dehumanization?

A

Process outgroup members like objects/lower-order animals, they can be implicit or explicit

32
Q

What are some examples of dehumanization?

A
  • Police force against Black children
  • Men inclined to sexually harass or rape
  • Not helping groups after natural disasters
  • Teachers discriminating against students belonging to
    a certain ethnic minority group
33
Q

Social dominance orientation

A

A desire to see one’s ingroup as dominant over other groups and a willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups

34
Q

What is System justification theory?

A

A theory that proposes
that people are motivated to defend and justify the
existing social, political, and economic conditions

  • Even when systems are not in best interest of individual
35
Q

What was the Robber’s Cave Study

A

The Robber’s Cave Study, conducted in the 1950s by social psychologist Muzafer Sherif and his colleagues, was a groundbreaking field experiment on intergroup conflict and cooperation.

36
Q

What are the phases of the robbers cave study?

A

Phases of the Study:

Group Formation: The boys were initially placed in separate groups, rattlers, and eagles, and engaged in activities to build group cohesion, fostering friendships and a sense of identity.

Intergroup Competition: After a week, the two groups were introduced to each other and competed in a series of competitive games, which led to hostility and aggression between the groups. They used derogatory names for each other, showed signs of prejudice, and engaged in sabotage.

Conflict Resolution: In the final phase, the researchers introduced situations that required cooperation between the two groups to achieve common goals (like fixing a water supply issue). Over time, this led to a reduction in hostility and the formation of friendships between members of both groups.

37
Q

What was the significance of robbers cave study?

A

The study demonstrated that intergroup conflict arises from competition for limited resources and can be mitigated through cooperative goals. It provided insight into group dynamics, prejudice, and the conditions under which cooperation can be achieved.

38
Q

What is Realistic conflict theory?

A

The theory that hostility
between groups is caused by direct competition for
limited resources

  • E.g., land, jobs, power
39
Q

What is Relative deprivation?

A

Feelings of discontent aroused
by the belief that one fares poorly compared with others
* E.g., Size of house only matters when it is smaller than the neighbor’s house

40
Q

What are Minimal group designs?

A

Where participants are randomly
assigned but told they belong to a specific group

41
Q

What is ingroup favouritism?

A

tendency to
discriminate against outgroup and favor ingroups

42
Q

What was social identity theory?

A

The theory that people favor ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their self-esteem.

43
Q

What are the two components of social identity theory?

A

According to this theory, each of us strives to enhance our self-esteem..

which has two components:
(1) a personal identity and
(2) various collective or social identities that are based on the groups to which we belong

44
Q

What is Socialization?

A

How we learn norms, rules, and
information of a culture/group
* Includes stereotypes, which groups are de/valued, which prejudices are acceptable
* Peers, media, and culture

45
Q

What is the Social Role Theory?

A

The theory that small gender differences are magnified in perception by the contrasting social roles occupied by men and women.
* Differences exist, but based unequal social roles (not
inherent gender differences)

46
Q

What is stereotype Content Model?

A

A model proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes along the dimensions of competence and warmth.

47
Q

How do Stereotypes in the Media affect us?

A

It can cause long-term and sometimes unconscious impacts on self- esteem, ability, beliefs. Eating disorders, steroid use, etc

48
Q

What is Illusory correlation?

A

An overestimate of the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated

49
Q

What is Confirmation Biases and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies in social psychology ?

A

Imagine learning that a mother yelled at a 16-year-old girl, a lawyer behaved aggressively, and a Boy Scout grabbed the arm of an elderly woman crossing the street. Now imagine that a construction worker yelled at a 16-year-old girl, a homeless man behaved aggressively, and an ex-con grabbed the arm of an elderly woman crossing the street. Do very different images of these actions come to mind? This is a fundamental effect of stereotyping: Stereotypes of groups influence people’s perceptions and interpretations of the behaviors of group members. This is especially likely when a target of a stereotype behaves in an ambiguous way; perceivers reduce the ambiguity by interpreting the behaviour as consistent with the stereotype

*******This sums up Confirmation Biases and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies together

50
Q

Attributes in social psychology?

A

“Explain away” to maintain stereotype

51
Q

Subtyping in social psychology?

A

Perceive as exception to the rule

52
Q

What is Automatic Stereotype Activation?

A

Stereotypes can be activated without awareness and
influence thoughts, feelings, and behaviors even if we do
endorse them

53
Q

What is Subliminal presentations?

A

A method of presenting stimuli so faintly or rapidly that people do not have any conscious awareness of having been exposed to them.

54
Q

What is The Shooter Bias?

A

Tendency to shoot Black suspects more often than
White suspects (Black people 3x more likely than White
people to be killed by police

55
Q

What does evidence indicate about shooter bias?

A
  • Stereotypes alter perceptions about presence of weapons and decision to shoot
  • Racial bias in shooting unrelated to racial prejudice
  • Research with police officers has shown that when
    tired, stressed, and distracted, difficult to overcome
    shooter bias
56
Q

What is Contact hypothesis?

A

One of the many enduring ideas in Gordon Allport’s (1954) classic book The Nature of Prejudice was the contact hypothesis…meaning direct contact between hostile groups will reduce intergroup prejudice under certain conditions…

57
Q

What are the certain conditions of contact hypothesis?

A
  1. Equal status: The contact should occur in circumstances
    that give the two groups equal status
  2. Personal interaction: The contact should involve one-on-
    one interactions among individual members of the two
    groups
  3. Cooperative activities: Members of the two groups
    should work together to achieve superordinate goals
  4. Social norms: The social norms, defined in part by
    relevant authorities, should favour intergroup contact
58
Q

What is the Jigsaw Classroom?

A

Elliot Aronson and his colleagues (1978) developed a cooperative learning method called the
jigsaw classroom.

59
Q

What were the phases of the jigsaw classroom?

A
  1. Division into Groups: Students are divided into small, diverse groups (the “home groups”).
  2. Task Assignment: Each student is given a specific piece of the overall task or topic to master (like a puzzle piece).
  3. Expert Groups: Students with the same topic from different home groups meet in “expert groups” to discuss and learn their part.
  4. Teaching Role: Students return to their home groups and teach their assigned piece to the others, ensuring every student is essential to the group’s success.
60
Q

What was the finding of the jigsaw classroom?

A

Reduction in Prejudice: Students from different backgrounds interact positively and rely on each other, reducing stereotypes and discrimination.

Improved Academic Outcomes: Students tend to perform better academically because they are motivated to master the material.

Enhanced Empathy and Social Skills: Working cooperatively builds understanding and improves interpersonal skills.

61
Q

What is Common Ingroup Identity Model?

A

If members of different groups recategorize themselves as members of a more inclusive superordinate group, intergroup
attitudes and relations can improve

62
Q

What does recognizing shared categorization allow?

A

Recognizing shared categorization allows creation of
a common ingroup identity
* Those from marginalized groups may feel less positively than majority group members do about recategorizing
* May prefer or benefit more from dual-identity

63
Q

How can we reduce Stereotype Threats?

A
  • Change situational factors that may cause stereotype
    threat
  • Successful interventions…
  • Individuals feel a sense of trust and safety in the situation
  • Feel they are not the target of others’ low expectations
  • Reduce feelings of uncertainty about belonging
64
Q

What was the Goyer et al. study in 2019 ?

A

He conducted a; Social Belonging in School and Disciplinary Problems study..

Sixth grade students experienced either a social-belonging treatment or an irrelevant exercise (control condition). Among the students in the control condition, black males were much more likely
to be cited for disciplinary problems over the next 7 years of school than were white males. This racial disparity was reduced by 65-75% among students who received the belonging intervention..

65
Q

What is Self-Control in regards to prejudice and stereotyping?

A

Suppressing stereotypes or prejudice takes mental
effort…
* When tired, intoxicated, etc., rely on stereotypes
* Motivation to control prejudice
* Extrinsic—not wanting to appear prejudiced to others
* Intrinsic—not wanting to be prejudiced
* More success controlling stereotyping and prejudice
* Succumb to automatic stereotyping and implicit
biases

66
Q

What are some methods to help reduce stereotyping and prejudice?

A

Methods to help reduce stereotyping and prejudice

  • Exposure to images and individuals that reflect
    diversity within social groups (Er-rafiy & Brauer, 2013)
  • Motivations, norms, and values change over time, often as a result of changes in popular culture (Lang, 2015)
  • Peer influence can change sense of norms (Paluck, 2011)
  • Legislation can change behaviors (Aronson, 1992)
67
Q

What are Educational Interventions?

A

Educational interventions to reduce prejudice
* E.g., Efimoff & Starzyk, 2023
* Participants watch a video about past and present harms toward Indigenous people

  • C1: video
  • C2: video + interpersonal racism education
  • C3: video + systemic racism education
  • All conditions effective, C3 worked the best, C2 had
    unintended negative impact
68
Q

Revisiting the Outline…

  1. What is prejudice?
  2. What causes prejudice?
  3. How can we reduce prejudice?
A

What is prejudice?
* Negative feelings toward persons based on group
membership. Includes discrimination and stereotypes as well

What causes prejudice?
* Social categories, ingroups and outgroups, dehumanization,
social dominance orientation, system justification theory,
realistic conflict theory, social identity theory, socialization,
automatic stereotype activation

How can we reduce prejudice?
* Intergroup contact, shared identities, reducing stereotype
threat, self-control, changing cognition/culture/motivation,
education

PSY 124 (5 decks)

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