LECTURE 4 - PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY Flashcards
where does most of the fructose in the blood go?
95% in the liver
5% to the muscle
what is the first reaction that happens to fructose in the liver?
the enzyme fructokinase (strictly expressed in the liver) phosphorylates fructose to make fructose-1-phosphate
what makes fructokinase different from hexokinase?
not allosterically inhibited, can process a lot of fructose
what are the two options of the fructose pathway in the liver?
option 1:
fructose converted to GAP, which then joins back to be an intermediate in glycolysis
option 2:
fructose is converted to glycerol-3-phosphate
substrate for fatty acid synthesis
how does the cell choose between option 1 and option 2 for the fructose pathway in the liver?
depends on the needs of the cell
if it needs fats=option 2
if it needs glycolysis=option 1
what happens to fructose when it enters the muscle?
phosphorylated by hexokinase to make fructose-6-phosphate
then PFK to make fructose-1-6-phosphate
then fructose-1-6phosphate aldolase to make DHAP and GAP
this then joins back glycolysis
what are the entry points of fructose (liver and muscle) into glycolysis and what does this mean?
fructose from muscle enters at the F6P step, before the PFK point of control
since it is before the limiting step, this can slow down the process
fructose from the liver enters after the PFK point of control
(could contribute to increased dyslipidemia)
not regulated
what is the glucose vs fructose metabolism in the liver in a fed state?
the glucose in the liver will be used to make glycogen
fructose bypasses the PFK control and is converted to fatty acids, goes through with all of glycolysis
what is the effect of citrate in the fructose liver pathway?
activates fatty acid synthesis
what is the difference in fructose metabolism in non liver vs liver?
fructose non liver:
goes through the cycle, generates energy
fructose in liver:
generates fatty acids
what is the galactose metabolism pathway and where does it happen?
- galactose is converted to galactose-1-phosphate by galactokinase (galactose is NOT a substrate for hexokinase)
- galactose-1-phosphate is converted to UDP-galactose, and the UDP comes from UDP-glucose (already in cells), transferred by galactose-1-phosphate uridylyl transferase
- UDP glucose is regenerated by UDP-galactose-4-epimerase
- UDP glucose is transformed into glucose-1-phosphate by galactose-1-phosphate uridylyl transferase
- glucose-1-phosphate is made into G6P by phosphoglucomutase
- G6P is now an intermediate in glycolysis
happens mostly in the liver
where does galactose enter glycolysis?
at the G6P step
before the PFK1 point of control
what is galactosemia?
rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder
inability to process galactose
galactose accumulates and gives liver disease, vomiting, lethargy, mental retardation, cataracts
the treatment is to avoid dairy products and galactose
what are the different types of galactosemias?
type 1: issue with galactose-1-phosphate uridylyl transferase
type 2: issue with galactokinase
type 3: issue with UDP-galactose-4-epimerase
how can a galactosemic mother produce milk?
in the mammary gland inorganic pyrophosphate is converted to 2 inorganic phosphates
this is a highly exergonic reaction, used to invert the epimerase reaction
the reaction is reversed, UDP glucose is made into UDP galactose, and the mother can make galactose and produce milk
where is mannose found?
found on glycolipids
get them from any cell
what is the pathway of mannose?
substrate of hexokinase
mannose is phosphorylated by hexokinase, eventually ends up as fructose-1-6-phosphate, which is an intermediate in glycolysis
where does mannose enter glycolysis?
at the F6P step
what are the differences between NADH and NADPH?
different by a phosphate group, NOT interchangeable, enzymes have a high specificity for either NADH or NADPH
what is the reaction/stoichiometry of the oxidative reactions?
what is the stoichiometry of the isomerisation and epimerization reaction?
