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MEDS 532 > Lecture 4 - Pathophysiology of Diabetes & Obesity > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Pathophysiology of Diabetes & Obesity Flashcards

1
Q

**Diabetes prevalence has been rising more rapidly_________

A

Middle/lower countires

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2
Q

The increase in ____ and the overall ____ of the
population are two key factors driving the diabetes
epidemic

A

obesity/aging

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3
Q

Diabetes is a major cause of ____

A

blindness and kidney failure

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4
Q

Having diabetes can _____ the risk of death

compared with that in non-diabetics of a similar age

A

double

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5
Q

Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children

Briefly describe which countries they are high in?

A
  • Middle East

-

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6
Q

First recognized by Egyptians in 1500 BC as a disease associated with “the passage of much ____”

A

urine

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7
Q

In 1776 Dobson (Britain) firstly confirmed the presence of excess ___in urine and blood as a cause of their sweetness

A

sugar

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8
Q

Today diabetes is known as a metabolic disorder resulting in ________ affecting multi-organ systems

A

hyperglycemia

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9
Q

Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases
characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from
defects in:
- ___
- ___

A

Insulin secretion

Insulin senstivity

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10
Q

Two types of types of diabetes?

A

mellutis and insipidus

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11
Q

Insulin Dependent DM (IDDM)

A

A chronic condition where pancreas produces little or no insulin

Type I
Can’t be cured

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12
Q

Non-insulin Dependent DM (NIDDM)

A

Type II

A chronic condition that affects the way the body processes blood sugar

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13
Q

Gestational Diabetes (GDM)

A

A form of high blood sugar affecting pregnant women

Diagnoses in the 2-3 trimester of pregnacy

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14
Q

Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

A

A disorder of salt and water metabolism marked by intense thirst and heavy urination

“Drinker’s diabetes”
Very rare

Hypothalamus disorder caused by lack of ADH

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15
Q

What is the hormone affected in Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

A

ADH

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16
Q

Functions of pancreas (2)

A
  1. Produce the enzymes that break down foods in the intestines (exocrine)
  2. Make hormones that regulate blood sugar levels (endocrine)
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17
Q

Two cell types of the pancreas

A
  • Exocrine

- Endocrine (Islets of langerhans alpha and beta)

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18
Q

Endocrine cells of the pancreas?

A

Alpha - glucagon

Beta - Insulin

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19
Q

What is insulin?

A _____hormone made by the pancreas that allows the body to use ____ from carbohydrates in ingested food for energy or to store ___ for future use

A

protein/glucose/glycogen

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20
Q

Helps keeps blood sugar level from
getting too high (AKA _____) or too
low (AKA______)

A

hyperglycemia/hyoglycemia

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21
Q

Insulin function:

Liver

A 
↓ glyconeolysis
↓ gluconeogenesis
↓ ketogenesis
↑ glycogen synthesis
↑ fatty acid synthesis
22
Q

Insulin function:

Adipose Tissue

A

↓ lipolysis
↑ glycerol formation
↑ fatty acid formation
↑ glucose uptake

23
Q

Insulin function:

Muscle

A 
↓ protein catabolism
↑ amino acid oxidation 
↑ amino acid uptake
↑ glucose uptake
↑ protein synthesis
↑ glycogen synthesis
24
Q

Glucose homeostasis is maintained
by the highly coordinated interaction
of three physiologic processes:
___, ___, ___

A
  1. Insulin secretion
  2. Tissue glucose uptake
  3. Hepatic glucose production
25
Q

When metabolic disorders due to diabetes continue for many years, _____tissue is affected the most

A

vascular

26
Q

β-cell destruction, usually
leading to absolute insulin
_____

A

deficiency

27
Q

Type I diabetes is usually
_____ mediated or idiopathic and onset usually occurs at a
_______

A

immune/young age

28
Q

Type I diabetes treatment

A

Insulin

29
Q

Percentage of type I and type II

A

Type I = 5%

Type 2 = 95%

30
Q

Type 2

Insulin _____ with relative insulin ______

A

resistance/deficiency

31
Q

Polyuria

A

Lots of urine

32
Q

Polydyspsia

A

Lots of thirst

33
Q

Polyphagia

A

Increased hunger

34
Q

English formula for BMI

A

(703) x (Weight in lbs) ? (Height in inches)^2

35
Q

Metric formula for BMI

A

(Weight in kg) / (Height in meters)^2

36
Q

Adipose Tissue:

BAT vs. WAT

A

BAT - brown adipose tissues. Helps with thermoregulation
(More in infants than in adults)

WAT - white adipose tissue this is the most common one
(More in adults)

37
Q

BAT

A

Used for thermoregulation and is high in mitochondria and vasculature

(More in infants)

38
Q

WAT

A

Everywhere else like visceral and is in adults

39
Q

What is DKA?

A

Diabetic Ketoacidosis its when you break down fat because you cannot sense glucose

Would happen if person doesnt take insulin correctly)

40
Q

Leptin is secreted by what?

A

White adipose tissue

41
Q

Leptin does what?

A

Makes you feel ful

42
Q

Underweight BMI

A

<18.5 kg/m^2

43
Q

Normal weight BMI

A

18.5 - 24.9 kg/m^2

44
Q

Overweight BMI

A

25 - 29.9 kg/m^2

45
Q

Obesity class I BMI

A

30 - 34.9 kg/m^2

46
Q

Obesity class II BMI

A

35 - 39.9 kg/m^2

47
Q

Complications of Diabetes

4

A
  1. Cardio-vasculature system
  2. Kidneys (renal disease)
  3. Nerves (loss of feeling)
  4. Eyes (blindness)
48
Q

Complications of Diabetes:

Macrovascular vs. Microvascular

A

Macrovascular:
Brain
Heart
Extremities

Microvascular:
Eyes
Kidney
Nerves

49
Q

Diabetes mellitus in latin means roughly

A

Diabetes - water going through
Mellitus - sweet

Sweet urine

50
Q

Diabetes Insipidus in latin means

A

Diabetes - water going through
Insipidus - water

Watery urine

51
Q

What are the three Ps of diabetes

A

Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia

52
Q

Exocrine vs endocrine mode of action

A

Exocrine - secretes via duct directly somewhere

Endocrine- secretes and get absorbed to travel through blood

MEDS 532 (4 decks)

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