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Pathology 3 > Lecture 4 - Pathologies of Veins > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Pathologies of Veins Flashcards

1
Q

the systemic venous system contains veins that drain into the right atrium, what are the 3 veins?

A

coronary sinus
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava

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2
Q

coronary sinus drains…

A

venous blood from heart

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3
Q

SVC drains…

A

blood above diaphragm

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4
Q

IVC drains…

A

blood from under diaphragm

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5
Q

azygus system serves as…

A

bypass from IVC to SVC

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6
Q

hepatic portal vein collects blood from…

A

gi tract and delivers to the liver for processing before draining into IVC

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7
Q

define ‘venous thrombosis’

A

a partial or complete occlusion of a vein by a thrombus with secondary inflammation = thrombophlebitis in the wall of the vein

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8
Q

what are 4 types of venous thrombosis?

A

acute
chronic
superficial (saphenous vein)
deep (femoral and iliac veins) - DVT

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9
Q

____ DVTs are much more likely to become pulmonary emboli

A

proximal

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10
Q

what is the third most common CVD after acute coronary artery episodes and cerebrovascular accidents?

A

DVT (30-60% of those having major surgery or CVA develop DVT up to 4 weeks after)

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11
Q

what are 4 risk factors for thrombosis?

A

venous stasis (d/t immobility)
increased coagulability
injury of venous wall (IV, surgery)
lifestyle (smoking, HRT)

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12
Q

name and define 2 different types of thrombi?

A

mural thrombus - attached to wall DOES NOT occlude

occlusive thrombus - begins by attaching and progresses to occlude completely

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13
Q

what are 4 fates of a thrombi?

A

lysis and resolution
organization
recanalization
embolism

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14
Q

what are 3 symptoms that prevent with lower extremity DVT?

A

dull ache
tight or painful calf
leg or calf swelling

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15
Q

what are 3 symptoms that prevent with upper extremity DVT?

A

edema
pain
redness (usually superficial -SVT)

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16
Q

define ‘saddle embolus’

A

thromboembolus of main pulmonary artery

17
Q

what causes a pulmonary elbolism?

A

most often thrombi from large veins of pelvis and leg - occur without apparent warning

18
Q

what are 5 signs and symptoms, depending on size and location?

A 
sudden death
chest pain, worse by inspiration
tachy
dyspnea, persistent cough
hemoptysis
19
Q

what are 2 tests for a DVT?

A

d-dime test

doppler ultrasonography

20
Q

what are 4 ways to prevent a DVT?

A

early mobilization post surgery
prophylactic anticoagulants (NSAD, heparin, warfarin)
elastic stocking after surgery
pneumatic pressure devices

21
Q

define ‘varicose veins’

A

vein that has enlarged and twisted, often appearing as a bulging, blue bv that is clearly visible (valvular insufficiency)

22
Q

what vein is usually affected by varicose veins?

A

saphenous vein

23
Q

what 3 things can varicosity lead to?

A

tortuosity
valve incompetence
thrombosis risk

24
Q

what are 3 risk factors of varicose veins?

A

heavy lifting
prolonged sitting
hormonal changes

25
Q

what are 2 forms of treatment for severe varicose veins?

A

sclerotherapy

laser venous ablation

26
Q

define ‘sclerotherapy’

A

varicose veins treatment by injecting an irritant that causes inflammation, coagulation of blood and narrowing of bv

27
Q

define ‘chronic venous insufficiency’

A

inadequate venous return over long period of time (aka postphlebitis syndrome or venous stasis) - may follow severe DVT or unrelated

28
Q

what are 3 causes of CVI?

A

leg trauma
varicose veins
neoplastic obstruction of pelvic veins

29
Q

how does CVI occur when there is damage to the vein valves?

A

increased venous pressure and stasis
blood flows bi-directionally
superficial vein dilate due to venous HTN
edema and brownish discoloration of skin

30
Q

what are 3 contributing factors of CVI ulcers?

A

poor nutrition
immobility
previous or present trauma

31
Q

what are 3 goals for treatment of CVI and varicose veins?

A

increase venous return with elevation
reduce edema
topical ulcer care if needed

32
Q

define ‘raynaud’s phenomenon’

A

vasospastic disorder secondary to another disease

33
Q

define ‘raynaud’s disease’

A

a primarily idiopathic vasospastic disorder

34
Q

what 5 conditions is raynaud’s phenomenon secondary to?

A 
Buerger's 
CT disorders (sjogren, scleroderma)
polymyositis and dermatomyositis
SLE
RA
35
Q

what can raynaud’s phenomenon be a sign of?

A

occult neoplasm - esp if unilateral

36
Q

raynaud’s disease accounts for what % of all people affected by vasomotor diseases?

A

65% (80% are women 20-49 years old)

37
Q

raynaud’s disease is caused by?

A

hypersensitivity of digital arteries to cold
release of serotonin
genetic susceptibility to vasospasm

38
Q

what are 2 types of malignant vascular neoplasms?

A

hemangiopericytoma (sm. mm cells in capillaries and arterioles - lower extremities and retro peritoneum)
Kaposi’s sarcoma (rare neoplasm of dermal bv - most common cancer in people with AIDS)

39
Q

10-50% of vascular neoplasms metastasize to….

A

lung
bone
liver
lymph node

Pathology 3 (6 decks)

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