Lecture 1 - CVS and Heart Pathologies Flashcards
what are the 5 main CVD’s?
congenital HD ischemic vascular disease HTN - related disease inflammatory disease (infection/autoimmune) metabolic disease
which week of pregnancy is the heart completely formed and functional?
10th week of pregnancy
what are 4 causes of congenital heart disease?
viral infections (rubella)
toxins (FAS)
chromosomal abnormalities (Down’s syndrome)
x-ray exposure
what is the best known cause for congenital heart defects?
rubella virus - during organogenesis (first trimester)
heart defects are often associated with that chromosomal abnormality?
Down’s - trisomy 21
what are two examples of congenital heart defects?
isolated, simple septal defect (atrial and ventricular septal defects)
complex heart defect - tetralogy of fallot
what is the most common form a congenital heart disease?
interatrial and interventricular septal defects (30-40%)
septal defects may occur as isolated defects (most common) or may be part of_____
complex malformation syndromes
interatrial septal defects may occur due to what 2 events?
incomplete formation of septum
incomplete closure of foramen ovale
atrial septal defects are recognized clinically by a murmur caused by….
passage of blood from the left to right atrium during systole
what is more common interatrial or interventricular septal defects?
interventricular (occurs most often in uppermost part of the septum - most present with no sx)
what causes symptoms from a interventricular septal defect?
mix of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood
with interventricular septal defects, what causes right ventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary hypertension?
left to right shunt (=dyspnea)
what is the result of a right to left shunt?
de-oxygenated blood enters systemic circulation causing cyanosis
what does overriding the aorta mean in relation to tetralogy of Fallot?
aorta is positioned more to the right, directly over a ventricular septal defect instead of LV
what are the 4 components of tetralogy of fallot?
overriding aorta
pulmonary stenosis
RV hypertrophy
ventricular septal defect
define ‘atheromas’
fatty deposit in inner lining (intima) of an artery - central part is soft, covered by fibrous tissue
T or F: atheromas are highly thrombogenic?
True
what are 2 components of a sclerotic aorta that can lead to hypertension and in turn the formation of an aneurysm?
cannot adapt to changes in BP (decreased elasticity)
cannot expand during systole
what are 3 complications of aortic aneurysms, which are often clinically silent?
may rupture=sudden death
emboli
pressure on neighboring organs/tissues
what is a common cause of PVD?
atherosclerosis involving extremities and major abdominal organs - kidneys and intestines
what happens to the kidneys if aortic atherosclerosis spreads into renal arteries?
reduces kidneys functional capacity - increases release of renin and reduces excretion of sodium which increases BP - HTN will permanently damage kidneys
PVD of the intestines most common form is chronic ischemia of intestinal vessels which may cause what?
constipation, poor digestion, malabsorption and food intolerance
define ‘coronary heart disease’
pathologic condition of myocardium caused by lack of oxygen (atherosclerosis of coronary arteries is the most important factor)
