Lecture 4 paper 1 & 2

Question 1

case formulation

Answer 1

process for developing a hypothesis about, and plan to adress, the causes, precipitants, and maintaining influences of a person’s psychological, interpersonal, and behavioural problems in the context of that individual’s culture + environment

Question 2

3 sources of information for (treatment) plans

Answer 2

1. theory
2. evidence
3. expert practice

Question 3

within-factors related to client in case conceptualization

Answer 3

learning history
style of interpreting info
coping style
self-concept
core beliefs
basic, axiomatic assumptions about world

Question 4

case formulation attends to individual’s behaviour such as….

Answer 4

interaction with others
basic + autonomic beliefs about intentions + wishes of others
what

Question 5

process aspects of formulation

Answer 5

the therapist’s activities in order to extract the information needed to formulate

Question 6

content aspects

Answer 6

the problems identified, the diagnosis, the explanation of the problem, and the treatment

Question 7

event formulation

Answer 7

explains particular instance or event in therapy but not the entire treatment:
(ideally it fits/aligns with the case formulation, guided by + either confirms or disconfirms it)

Question 8

case formulation is divided into

Answer 8

event formulation +
prototype formulation

Question 9

prototype formulation

Answer 9

is based on the theoretical conception of that disorder

Question 10

4 reasons for fomulating

Answer 10

1. case formulation guides treatment
2. enhances treatment efficicency
3. personalizes the treatment to the specific circumstances
4. increases therapist empathy

Question 11

4 contemporary developments in psychology that influence the process of psychotherapy case formulation

Answer 11

1. nature + classification of psychopathology
2. theories of psychotherapy
3. the psychometric tradition
4. the advent of structured case formulation models

Question 12

categorical view (of mental disorders)

Answer 12

theorizes that mental disorders are syndromal, distinctive from each other and normal states
(assumes that these disorders have a predictable cause, sourses and outcomes)

Question 13

dimensional view (of mental disorders)

Answer 13

view that psychopathology lies along continuum from normal to abnormal > DIFFERENTIATION COMES FROM THE DEGREE BUT NOT THE QUALITY

Question 14

4 major models of psychotherapy

Answer 14

• psychodynamic + psychoanalysis therapy
• cognitive therapy
• behavioural therapy
  -phenomenological and humanistic psychotherapy

Question 15

psychoanalysis and psychodynamic psychotherapy

Answer 15

have introduced numerous constructs that help shape the understanding of the psychotherapy client
e.g. notion of active unconscious, basic mental structures, role of reality mediating processes

Question 16

What was the use of psychiatric interview before and after Freud?

Answer 16

Before: was simply chance for clients to report their symptoms
After: became medium where client’s interpersonal and other problems outside of therapy may be enacted within therapy

Question 17

cognitive therapies influence on case formulation

Answer 17

formulations under cognition therapy focus on the cognitive patterns, schema, faulty reasoning processes and core beliefs

Question 18

behaviour therapies influence on case formulation

Answer 18

behaviour therapy emphasized symptoms, skepticism toward mental representation and focus on empiricism.
IN CASE OF THERAPY: they would include analysis of environment + its influence on the individual

Question 19

influence of phenomenological and humanistic psychotherapy on case formulation

Answer 19

contributed through its focus on person as whole but not a disorder, focus on present experience, view of client + therapist as equals

Question 20

how does the psychometric tradition involving a statistically informed frame of mind be useful for case formulation

Answer 20

awareness of conscepts such as norming, reliability, validity and standard administration of a measure may improve quality of a case formulationn

Question 21

Core conflictual realtionship theme (CCRT)

Answer 21

aims to reliably + validly identify a client’s central problematic relationship pattern
- focuses on narratives a client tells in therapy

Question 22

what are the 3 components within narratives of client (CCRT)

Answer 22

• individual’s wishes
• expected responses of others
• responses of the self

Question 23

5 basic tensions that needs to be balanced in case formulation

Answer 23

1. the immediacy vs comprehensiveness
2. complexity vs simplicity
3. therapist bias vs objectivity
4. observation and interference
5. individual and general formulation

Question 24

inference

Answer 24

the conclusion made by the basis of observation + might be guided by a theory

Question 25

what is the solution for the tension between immediacy vs comprehensiveness

Answer 25

follow the rule of parsimony (to decide when is enough info and when more is needed)

Question 26

3 reasons for an integrative approach to psychotherapy integration

Answer 26

1. integrative approach is quite prevalent among practitioners
2. it allows therapy to be tailored to specifics of the client in ways that uni-theoretical approaches do not
3. studies indicate that no uni-theoretical approach consistently outperforms the rest

Question 27

most meta-analyses of psychotherapy outcome studies indicate that no uni-theoretical approach consisstently outperforms the rest.What does this imply?

Answer 27

that the therapy outcome is not specific to interventions/ techniques but rather from shared qualitites by all forms of treatment

Question 28

4 characteristics shared by all psychotherapies that in combination enhance the effectiveness of the practice

Answer 28

1. therapeutic relationship = emotionally charged + confided
2. client holds belief + trust towards the clinician
3. shared + credibale account on symptoms = collaboratively accepted by patient + client

Question 29

process information

Answer 29

how the individual present themselves > can assist therapist in assessing quality of client’s mental representations of self + others

Question 30

narrative information

Answer 30

refers to specific stories / episodes in clients life
(helpts to understand nature of interactions with others, self, seuqnces of evenst)

Question 31

4 basic action steps in the formulation process of the integrative model of case formulation and therapy

Answer 31

1. create problem list
2. diagnose
3. develop an explanatory hypothesis
4. plan treatment

Question 32

2 sources of information in the developing of a explanatory hypothesis

Answer 32

theory
evidence

Question 33

4 categories of consideration in the development of a explanatory hypothesis

Answer 33

1. precipitating stressors
2. origins
3. resources
4. obstacles

Question 34

inert knowledge

Answer 34

therapist might have the skills for understanding the client but lack ones to apply that treatment

Question 35

3 notable points in the relationship of formulation + treatment

Answer 35

1. treatment plan = purely a plan that will change along with the progress of treatment
2. case formulation skillls are distinct from those involved in conducting treatment
3. treatment always involves intermingling of theory and method + client’s personness context in specific place + time

Question 36

why should you rely on objective measures instead of therapist judgement in monitoring

Answer 36

• maximizes potential for progresss monitoring
• increases accuracy in predicting prognosis
• helps to test therapists outcomes against randomized clinical trials of psychotherapy