Lecture 4 - Naming I & II Flashcards
What is average speaking speed and accuracy?
- Two or three words per second
- One or two errors per thousand words
What is a general model of cognitive processing according to Ellis and Young (1995)
Object recognition unites -> semantic system -> speech output lexicon -> phonemes -> naming the object
What is an aphasia?
Inability (or impaired ability) to understand or produce speech, because of brain damage
What are the two types of aphasia?
- Broca’s Aphasia
- Wernicke’s Aphasia
What is an anomia?
Impairment at retrieving names
What are the different levels from the lexico-semantic system that anomias can emerge from?
- Perceptual problems
- Semantic system
- Access to the lexicon
- Deterioration of the lexicon
- Access to the sounds
What is Broca’s Aphasia
- Effortful distorted articulation, reduce speech output and agrammatic syntax but sparing of auditory comprehension
- Agrammatism as the dropping of connective words auxiliaries and inflections
- Reducing speech to string of words which are often described as telegraphic
What is Wernicke’s Aphasia?
- Effortless, melodic speech
- Unintelligible content due to word and phoneme choice errors (phonemic paraphasias)
- Loss of repetition
What happened in the study on split-brain patients?
- Word flashed briefly to the fight field of view, and the patient is asked what he saw
- Because the left hemisphere is dominant of verbal processing the PT can say what the word is
- Now a word is flashed to the left field of view, and the patient is asked what he saw
- The right hemisphere cannot share info with the left so the PT cannot say what he saw but he can draw it
Language expression - speech
- Right hemisphere is incapable of speech
- Numbers, letters, words and pictures in the right visual field or in the right hand are described normally
- No description if the same was projected to the RH
Language expression - writing
- Normal if stimuli was presented in the right visual field
- Nothing if stimuli was presented in the left visual field
Language comprehension - visual comprehension
- Right hemisphere capable of understanding printed words
- Right hemisphere capable of recognising pictures - patients reported correct answers as pure guesses
Language comprehension - tactile perception
- Considerable comprehension of language by the right hemisphere despite its inability to talk
What are the high cognitive functions?
- LH capable of thoughts, judgement, imagination and reasoning
- RH difficult to assess due to its muteness - when the stimuli didn’t require a verbal answer it became apparent that the RH was also capable of understanding and reasoning
What happens to language after a section of the cerebral commissures?
- Info projected to the RH had to be expressed only by non-verbal responses
- Linguistic expression seems to be exclusively organised in the LH
- Can these results be linked to SRB difficulties? How?
How does ‘tip of the tongue’ occur?
Brown and McNeill (1966) were the first to examine TOTs
Methodology - providing the definition and asking PTs to come up with the word that the definition is referring to
What is a sextant?
Lexical retrieval is not an all or none affair, partial information can be retrieved indicating a processing system working in a cascade fashion
What is the Partial Activation Theory of TOTs?
Target is inaccessible because it is weakly represented, in particular those connections between semantic and phonology
What are the features of TOT?
- Temporary difficulty in lexical access
- An extreme pause - can take a long time to retrieve the name
- Strong feelings of knowing
- Universal - children and adults, all languages including sign language
- Increases with age
- Increases in bilingual speakers
Tip of the tongue - locations
- Semantic system
- Speech Output Lexicon
- Phoneme level
What is a Freudian Slip?
Parapraxes 1901
- Errors in speech (but also in memory or in a physical action)
- Occur due to the interference of an unconscious wish or internal thought
- Not all slips of the tongue are due to repressed thought, impulse or intention
“Guess whose mind comes to name?” - word exchange
“Get me a fork” - word substitution
What is the Garrett model of speech production (1975-1992)
Message level
->
Functional level
->
Positional level
->
Sound level
->
Articulation
Lexicalisation - Levelt’s model of word production (1994)
Message level (meaning)
->
Lemmas (a lexicon - partly words, partly grammar)
->
Lexemes (phonemes/sounds)
->
Articulation (articulation/speech)
What is the SLIP technique - Motley, Camden and Baars (1982)
Spoonerisms (phoneme transpositions) of laboratory-induced predisposition
