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Infectious Diseases Midterm 1 > Lecture 4: Medical Mycology > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Medical Mycology Flashcards

1
Q

Fungi (Eumycota)

A
  • Decompose dead organism and recycle their nutrients
  • Detrivores or Saprobes
  • Form associations with roots of vascular plants
  • used as edible food or to manufacture foods
  • can spol food products
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2
Q

Defining Charcteristics

A

Chemoheterotrophs, Multicellular (except yeasts), Acquire food from absorption,

  • Asexual and sexual spores
  • Chitin containing walls
  • No embreo formation
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3
Q

Thalli

A

Vegetative bodies of fungi

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4
Q

Sexual and Asexual reproduction occurs by formation of

A

Spores

  • All fungi have means of asexual reproduction
  • Most fungi have means of sexual reproduction
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5
Q

Yeast

A

Unicellular fungi

  • Thalli are composed of a single cell
  • Fission yeasts divide symmetrically
  • Budding yeasts divide asymmetrically
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6
Q

Psuedohypha

A

series of buds remain attached to one another and to the parent cell, forming a long filament

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7
Q

Thalli consist of

A

Hyphae divided into vegatative and aerial portions

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8
Q

Mass of hyphae is called

A

mycelium

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9
Q

Hyphae

A

Septate or Aseptate

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10
Q

Aseptate Hyphae

A

Coenocytic (multinucleated)

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11
Q

Growing Hyphae have

A

chitin-containing walls

-immense tensile strength

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12
Q

Hyphal extension is regulated by

A
  • uptake of H+ and extrusion of K+
  • absorptive zone takes in nutrients
  • storage zone synthesizes and stores cellular constituents
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13
Q

Asexual Spore Structures

A
  1. Conidia
  2. Chlamydoconidia
  3. Sporangiospores
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14
Q

Conidia

A

Produced at the top or sides of the hyphae, sometimes in chains

  • Arthroconidia formed from hyphae fragmentation
  • Blastoconidia are buds coming off a parent cell
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15
Q

Chlamydoconidia

A

Form with a thickened cell wall within hyphae

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16
Q

Sporangiospores

A

Form within a sac call sporangium

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17
Q

Dimporphic fungi

A

in response to enviornmental conditions, some funal species (Candida) produce both yeast-like thalli and mold-like thalli
-medically important fungi are Dimorphic

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18
Q

Dikaryon

A

Cell containing both + and - nuclei (n+n)

-plasmogamy

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19
Q

Karyogamy

A

A pair of nuclei within a dikaryon fuse to form one diploid (2n) nucleus

20
Q

Four types of Sexual Spores

A
  1. Swimming gametes
  2. Zygospores
  3. Ascopsores
  4. Basidiospores
21
Q

Swimming Gametes

A

Sexually produced gametes and the asexually produced spores in the chytrids have flagella and are the only known motile fungal cells

22
Q

Zygospores

A

Large spores enclosed in a thick wall (zygosporangium) that result from the fusion of the nuclei and two toked together haploid hyphal tips
-found in zygomycetes and glomeromycetes

23
Q

Ascospores

A

Produced in sac like structure called asci at multinucleated hyphal tips

  • with fruiting bodies called ascocarps
  • Ascomycetes
24
Q

Basidiospores

A
  • formed externally on base bedestals called basidia
  • four basidospores per basidium
  • Basidia located within fruiting bodies called basidiocarps (mushrooms)
25
Q

Fungi classified into 6 major divisions based on their life cycles

A

Microsporidia, CHyridiomycota, Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota

26
Q

Mitosporic fungi (Deuteromycota)

A

Sexual stages are unknown

-most are Ascomycota

27
Q

Anamorphs

A

Lost the ability to reproduce sexually

28
Q

Telemorphs

A

produce both sexual and asexual spores

29
Q

Microsporidiae

A
  • unicellular, obligate parasites
  • do not produce hyphae
  • lack all organelles
  • have very small genomes
  • only reproduce asexually
  • use polar tube to infect host cells
  • in humans are opportunistic pathogens
30
Q

Chytridiomycota

A

-earliest diverging line of fungi
paraphyletic
-produce motile, glagellated asexual spores (zoospores)
-commonly found in moist soil and fresh water
-Neocallimastix and Betrachochytrium

31
Q

Neocallimastix

A
  • involved in fermentation of complex carbohydrates in sheep rumen
  • family of Chytridiomycota
32
Q

Betrachonchytrium

A

organism infects epidermis of frogs and interfers with the ability of the from to respire across the skin
-family of Chytridiomycota

33
Q

Zygomycota

A
  • Coenocytic (multinucleate) molds with aseptate hyphae that form sexual structures called zygosporangia containing zygospores
  • many reproduce asexually via sporangiospores
  • commonly found in soil and on decaying plant material
    ex: Rhizopus and Mucor (food spoilage, opportunistic, systemic mycoses)
34
Q

Glomeromycetes

A

Endomycorrhizal fungi

  • Form symbiotic (mutualistic) relationships with plant roots called arbuscualr mycorrhizae
  • increase SA available for exchange of molecules between fungus and plant host
35
Q

Ascomycota

A
  • sac fungi
  • contain molds and yeats
  • sexual reproduction of teleomorphs is characterized by the formation of haploid ascospores within sacs called asci
  • reproduce asexually by conidiospores
36
Q

Lichens

A

mutualistic relationship between ascomycetes and some photosynthetic microorganisms (green algae, cyanobacteria)

37
Q

Relevant Genera of Ascomycota

A

Aspergillus (production of alcoholic beverages)
Penicillium (cheese, sausages and antibiotics
Blastomycetes/Histoplasma (systemic mycoses)
-most fungal causative agents of cutaneous and subcutaneous mycoses are ascomycets

38
Q

Basidomycota

A
  • True Mushroom or Club Fungi
  • Septate hyphae and form large intricate furiting bodies called Basidiocarps
  • produce sexual basidiospores
  • important decomposers
  • Ectomycorrhizal fungi are basidomycets
39
Q

Relevant Genera of Basidomycota

A
  • Agaricus and corinellis (Edible Mushrooms)
  • Amanita: (Hallucinatory chemical/toxins)
  • Malassezia FurFur: (pituriasis versicolor)
  • Crytococcus: (systemic mycoses)
40
Q

Fungal diseases grouped into 3 categories

A
  1. Mycoses cause by presence in the body of “true pathogens” or opportunists
  2. Toxicoes (poisoning) aquired through ingestion of mycotoxins
  3. Allergies result from inhalation of fungal spores
41
Q

Superficial Mycoses

A
  • colonize the stratum corneum
  • aquired by direct contact with fungal hyphae or spores
    ex: Pityriasis Versicolor caused by Malassezia furfur
42
Q

Pityriasis Versicolor

A

hypopigemented or hyperpigmented patches resulting from fungal interference of melanin production
-Malassezia furfur is resident member of human microbiota

43
Q

Cutaneous Mycoses

A
  • Caused by dermatophytes and extend deeper into epidermis
  • Restricted to Keratinized Skin Layers
  • Dermatophytosis Tinea, or Ringworm
44
Q

Subcutaneous Mycoses

A

Dermis, subcutaneous tissues, muscles, fascia

  • still localized, not systemic
  • all soil saprophytes
  • most are ascomyctes
45
Q

Systemic Mycoses

A

deep mycoses spread throughout the body and caused by:

  1. pathogenic dimporphic fungi
  2. Opportunisitc fungi
46
Q

Pathogenic Dimorphic fungi of systemic Mycosis

A
  • temperature depenedent
  • histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidiomycosis, paracoccidiomycosis
  • all causitive agents are acomycets
47
Q

Opportunistic Fungi of systemic mycoses

A

Candidiasis, cyrpococcosis, aspergillosis, mucormycosis, pneumocysis

Infectious Diseases Midterm 1 (7 decks)

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