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Biology 102 > Lecture 4: Invertebrates II and Vertebrates > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Invertebrates II and Vertebrates Flashcards

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1
Q

Protostomes

A
  • Tripoblasts
  • Blastopore becomes mouth first
  • Bilateral symmetry

2 Major derived traits:

  1. Anterior Brain
  2. Ventral nervous system consisting of longitudinal nerve cords

2 Major clades:

  • lophotrochozoans
  • ecdysozoans
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2
Q

Lophotrochozoans

What animals?

A
  • Protostomes

- Flatworms. annelids, mollusks

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3
Q

Defining Features of Lophotrochosomes

A

(not universal)
*likely traits both in a common ancestor, then lost over time

  1. Lophophore
    - circular or u-shaped ring of tentales around the mouth
    - food collection and gas exchange
  2. Trochophores
    - Free-living larva
    - Move by beating a band of cilia
    - cilia also bring plankton closer to the larva so it can be captured and ingested
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4
Q

Flatworms

A

(platyhelminthes)

  • Acoelomate
  • lack a gas transport system (flat so cells near surface obtain oxygen, no heart or circulatory system)
  • move using cilia
  • blind gut (only one opening)
  • most are parasites (can absorb digested food from host, do not require elaborate feeding or digestive organs)
  • sephalization (head with basic chemoreceptors, two simple eyes, tiny brain with longitudinal nerve cords)
  • include tapeworms and flukes
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5
Q

Flukes

A

(flatworm)

Schistosomiasis – snail host

  • deposit eggs in open water
  • fluke burrows into skin and matures
  • migrates to preferred tissues
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6
Q

Tapeworms

A

(flatworm)

  • flea host
  • flea is eaten or fecal contamination (meat, water)
  • eggs in feces
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7
Q

Annelids

main distinction

A

(ring worms)

  • segmented bodies
  • body divided into repeated segments
  • ability to move different parts of its body independently of one another
  • segments develop from growth zone, oldest in front, youngest in back

ex: bristleworms, earthworms, leeches

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8
Q

Annelids

body systems

A
  • complete gut
  • coelomates
  • move using muscle contraction
  • NERVOUS SYSTEM
  • small brain
  • ventral nerve cord
  • seperate nerve center (ganglion) controls each segment connected and coordinated by ventral nerve cords
  • CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
  • blood circulates within vessels
  • ring vessels near anterior have muscles that act as hearts
  • GAS EXCHANGE
  • thin permeable body wall serves as a surface for gas exchange
  • no gills or lungs
  • restricted to moist environments
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9
Q

“Many hairs” Annelids

A
  • bristleworms
  • PARAPODIA - thin outgrowths from body wall
  • for gasexchange, movements
  • covered with stiff bristles for gripping

*paraphyletic - not all in same clade

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10
Q

“pack-saddle” Annelids

A
  • NO parapodia
  • hermaphrodites
  • thick ring shaped “pack-saddle” around one section of their skin
  • holds coccoon in which eggs and sperm are deposited and stored until they hatch

Earthworms - digest soil

leeches - feed on blood, used in medicine tp reduce fluid pressure and prevent blood clotting

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11
Q

Mollusks

main features

A
  • not considered to be truly segmented
  • three major body components
  • FOOT - muscular structure for support and movement
  • VISCERAL MASS - centralized housing for the organs
  • MANTLE - tissue covering the visceral mass that can secrete a hard shcll in many species
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12
Q

Mollusks

body systems

A

-complete gut

  • REDUCED coelom (small space around heart)
  • instead have a large, fluid filled cavity - HEMOCOEL (cavity for hemolymps - blood and interstitial fluid)
  • NERVOUS SYSTEM
  • simple brain - nerve ring of connected ganglia
  • two pairs of ventral nerve cords

GAS EXCHANGE
- gills

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

  • open system
  • heart pumps blood
  • blood and other fluids empty into hemocoel
  • fluids move around hemocoel and deliver oxygen to internal organs
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13
Q

Types of Mollusks

A

Chitons
- 8 overlapping dorsal plates

Bivalves
- clams, oysters, scallops, mussels

Gastropods
- snails, slugs, sea slugs

Cephalopods

  • squids, octopuses, nautiluses
  • enhanced mobility
  • modified mantle allos water to be forcibly ejected from the cavity - propulsion
  • most complex invertebrate nervous system
  • branched foot, tentacles
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14
Q

Ecdysozoans

main types

A

(protostomes)

  • nematodes and arthropods
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15
Q

Ecdysozoans

main features

A
  • defined by having external covering or CUTICLE
  • secreted by underlying epidermis
  • provides animal with protection and support
  • once formed it cannot grow
  • must molt and replace cuticle
  • can be thin (worm like)
  • allows exchange of gases, minerals, water
  • restricted animal to moist habitats
  • can be thick (arthropods)
  • exoskeleton
  • impedes movement and passage of oxygen/nutrients
  • jointed appendages evolve
  • can invade dry land because do not dehydrate
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16
Q

Namatodes (roundworms)

body systems

A
  • Ecdysozoans
  • pseudocoelomates
  • thick outer cuticle that is shed throughout life
  • unsegmented
  • complete gut
  • GAS EXCHANGE
  • through both cuticle and gut
  • no gills or lungs
  • NO circulatory system
  • NERVOUS SYSTEM
  • brain = nerve ring
  • four peripheral nerves run length of body
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17
Q

How do nematodes eat?

A

Scavengers:
- soil, bottom of lake or sea

Parasitic:

  • multiple stages of life ycle
  • heartworms
  • hookworms
  • pinworms
  • whipworms
  • trichinella worms
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18
Q

Arthropods

main features

A

Ecdysozoans

  • jointed appendages - complex movement
  • most species rich group of animals
  • 10^18 alive at any time
  • segmented bodes (2 or 3)
  • head, (thorax), abdomen
  • muscles attached to inside of rigid exoskeleton
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19
Q

Arthropods

body systems

A
  • complete gut
  • reduced coelom but have large hemocoel cavity
  • open circulatory system
  • heart pumps blood through hemocoel cavity
  • fluid filled cavity bathes organs in oxygen and nutrients
  • no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid: hemolymph
  • various systems of gas exchange
  • nervous system
  • simple brain
  • ladder like paired ventral nerve cords with ganglia at each segment
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20
Q

4 Major Arthropod Groups

A
  1. Myriapods
  2. chelicerates
  3. Crustaceans
  4. Hexapods
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21
Q

Myriapods

A
  • Millipedes and centipedes
  • One (centipedes) or two (millipedes) pairs of legs per segment
  • Gas exchange via trachea (no lungs)

*centipedes and millipedes do not have 100 and 1,000 legs

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22
Q

Chelicerates

A
  • Horseshoe crabs
  • Arachnids
  • Spiders, Scorpions, Mites, Ticks
  • Most have 4 pairs of legs
  • Many have gas exchange in folded sacs of alternating air & hemolymph
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23
Q

Crustaceans

A
  • Shrimp, Crabs, Crayfish, Barnacles
  • Dominant marine arthropod
  • Gills which can be located on body or as modified appendages
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24
Q

Hexapods

A
  • Insects
  • 1 million species of insects are known.
  • Up to 50 million species may exist!
  • Dominant terrestrial arthropod
  • Six legs on thorax
  • Many have two pairs of wings
  • Evolutionary advantage
  • Unique mechanism of gas exchange
  • Sacs & tubular channels that extend from external openings inward to tissues throughout the body
  • Complete metamorphosis – changes between molts are dramatic
  • Incomplete metamorphosis – changes between molts are gradual
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25
Q

Body cavity in protostomes

A
  • cannot group whole protostomes clade by body cavity type
  • likely the common ancestor was coelomate
  • loss or partial loss of body cavity seems to have arisen independently several times
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26
Q

Deuterostomes

main features

A
  • blastopore develops into anus
  • triploblasts
  • coelomates
  • no external skeletal suport structures
  • some have segmented bodies (vertebrates)
  • common ancestors had bilateral symmetry and pharyngeal slits (gills)
  • lost by echinoderms
  • complex behaviors
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27
Q

3 Phyla of Deuterostomes

A
  1. Echinoderms
    - sea stars and sea urchins
  2. Hemichordates
    - acorn worms and pterobranchs
    - worm like marine species
  3. Chordates
    - sea squirts
    - lancelets
    - vertebrates (humans!)
28
Q

Echinoderms

body systems

A
  • bilateral - as larva
  • pentaradial - as adults
  • no head
  • move slowly and equally well in all directions
  • oral/mouth faces sea floor
  • aboral side (anus) faces top
  • complete gut
  • open CIRCULATORY system with no heart
  • radial nerve net with no brain
29
Q

Unique Strucural Features of Echinoderms

A
  • system of calcified internal plates covered by thin layer of skin and muscles
  • fuse to form internal skeleton
  • water vascular system
  • water filled canals lead to tube feet
  • tube feet are suction cups
  • do gas exchange, locomotion, feeding
30
Q

3 Main Groups of Echinoderms

A
  • sea lillies and feather stars
  • sea urchins and sea cucumbers
  • starfish (seastars) and brittle stars
31
Q

Chordates

3 derived traits

A
  1. dorsal hollow nerve chord
    - devs into brain and spinal cord
  2. Tail that extend beyond anus
    - in many species only present in early dev but lost in adults
  3. Dorsal supporting rod called notochord
    - in most vertebrates a vertebral column develops and only remnants of the embryonic notochord remain
32
Q

Non-derived traits of chordates

A
  1. pharyngeal slits (present in dev but lost in many adults)
  2. complete gut
    * came earlier than common ancestor of chordates
33
Q

3 Chordate Clades

A
  1. Lancelets
    - ~ 30 species
    - cephalochordates
    - very small
    - derived traits present as adults
2. tunicates
~ 3000 species
- urochordates
- bag like body enclosed in tough tunic
- swimming larva with tail, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharyngeal slits, notochord
- adult is sessile and lacks all three
  1. vertebrates
    - ~62,000 species
34
Q

Vertebrates - Defining Feature

A
  • segmented
  • vertebral column = defining derived trait
  • dorsal support structure that replaces notochord during early development
  • evolved from marine ancestors
  • series of derived traits define different clades
35
Q

Key features of Vertebrates

A
  • anterior skull with large brain
  • rigid internal skeleton supported by vertebral column
  • internal organs suspended in coelom
  • well developed circulatory system driven by contractions of a ventral heart

–> allow dev of large active animals

36
Q

Main Vertebrates:

A
  • lampreys
  • chondrichthyes
  • Ray-finned fishes
  • lobe fins - Coelacanths
  • lungfishes
  • amphibians
  • amniotes… include:
  • reptiles
  • mammals
37
Q

Lampreys

A
  • most basal group of the vertebrates
  • complete skull
  • distinct and separate vertebrae
  • Cartilage - not bony
  • filter feeding larvae resemble lancelets
  • most are parasitic
  • round mouth that attaches to prey and bores through the flesh (no jaw)
38
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

Main idea: Jaws, teeth and paired fins

  • Cartilaginous fishes
  • no bones
  • sharks, rays, skates
  • evolution of jaws via modifications of skeletal archs supporting the gills- gnathostomes
  • teeth makes jaws more effective
  • paired fins stabilize position of fish in water
39
Q

Ray Finned fishes

A

Main idea: bony skeleton and swim bladder

  • eels, sea bass, grouper, salmon
  • fins are bony spines covered by a wed of skin

SWIM BLADDERS

  • sacks to store air in to supplement
  • useful if oxygen in short supply
  • buoyancy
  • fish can adjust amount of gas in swim bladder to control depth at which it stays in water without expending much energy

BONY SKELETON
- internal skeleton of calcified, rigid bone

40
Q

What needed to happen to transition from marine to land life?

A
  1. Lungs
    - can obtain and store oxygen out of the water
    - swim bladder is organ to store oxygen
    - leads to dev of lung
  2. Legs
    - must change structure of fins to support on land
    - bony skeleton gives a way to suport ourselves but not the right shape
    - lung(s) only would not be enough to survive on land
41
Q

Lobe fins: Coelacanths

A

Main features:

  • 2 pairs muscular jointed fin
  • stronger bones
  • rod-shaped bones

*Key: better at moving on land

42
Q

Lungfishes

A

Key features:

  1. muscular, joined fins
    - drag along in muddy areas
    - live in shallow waters
    - drag from shallow water to deeper pools
  2. lungs
    - can be out of water in mud, burrow and survive
43
Q

How did organisms begin to colonize land?

A

Organisms had:

  1. lungs
  2. lobed fins/legs
  • coopted structure to move on land
  • used features for brief foraging trips on land

ex; Tiktaalik: ancient vertebrate that possessed appendages intermediate between fins and limbs

44
Q

Amphibians

A
  • Animals: frogs, toads, salamanders
  • Tetrapods - legs to move on land
  • aquatic and terrestrial adaptations
  • need water to reproduce - eggs not protected
  • undergo metamorphosis from aquatic larvae to terrestrial land animals
  • often confined to moist environments - lose water through skin
  • many lay large number of eggs which they abandon once fertilized
  • need water because don’t have features that allow them to survive out of water completely - egg, skin, etc
45
Q

Amniotes

A

Main derived character: Amniote egg

  • Water conserving traits - allow them to colonize a wide range of terrestrial habitats
  • egg - membrane prevents evaporation of fluids, store large amounts of food so embryo can be further developed when hatched

“water”

  • impermeable skin covered with scales, hair or feathers
  • kidneys to concentrate urine
  • rib cage to ventilate lungs
46
Q

Reptiles

A
  • animals - snakes, lizzards, turtles, crocodiles, alligators, birds
  • birds are only living member of extinct dinosaurs

Key features:

  • scaled waterproof skin
  • usually lay shelled eggs on land
  • ectotherms (cold blooded), except birds
47
Q

Evolution of flight

A

Origin: Group of dinosaurs with hollow bones

  • made them lighter and more mobile
  • bipedal stance and elongate forelimbs
  • scales were modified to form feathers
  • strong lightweight surface

“egg came before the chicken”

48
Q

Mammals

A

Key features:

  • sweat glands (sweat to cool)
  • mammary glands (milk to nourish)
  • hair (protective and insulating)
  • four chambered heart (separates oxygenated blood from deoxygenated)
  • internal fertilization (embryo undergoes dev in mothers uterus)
  • high metabolic rate (endotherms)
  • larger brain (social structure, communication, nourish young)
49
Q

Three major groups of mammals

A
  1. protherians
    - egg laying
    - duck billed platypus, spiny anteater
  2. marsupials
    - pouched mammals
    - short gestation, young are born immature
    - climb into pouch
    kangaroos, opossums
  3. eutherians
    - placental mammals
    - highly developed at birth
    - some evolved aviation ability or returned to water
    - bats, dolphins, seals, rodents, wolves, elphants, humans
    - about half of eutherians are rodents
50
Q

Primates

A

Origin: insect eating mammals in cretaceous period

2 major clades

  1. prosimians
    - lemurs and lorises
  2. anthropoids
    - tarsiers, monkeys, apes
51
Q

Defining features of primates

A
  • influenced by demands of living in TREES
  • hands/feet for grasping
  • opposable digits
  • large brain and short jaws
  • excellent hand-eye coordination
  • complex social behavior
  • extensive parental care
52
Q

Arthropods: monkeys and apes

3 kinds

A
  1. old world
    - first to evolve were in africa/asia
    - no prehensile tail
    - trees or terrestrial
  2. new world
    - diverged from old world monkeys
    - now only in south and central america
    - long prehensile tails
    - all live in TREES
  3. apes
    - branched off from old world monkeys 35 million years ago
    - lesser apes: gibbons
    - great apes: orangutans, gorillas, chimps, humans
53
Q

humans and Chinmpanzees

A
  • Share a common ancestor
  • ancestor split to:
    1. chimpanzees
    2. Australopithecus

*human evolution is not a linear progression

54
Q

Distinguishing features of humans

A
  • upright posture and bipedal
  • larger brain capable of complex and symbolic thought
  • manufacture and use of complex tools
  • reduced jawbones and jaw muscles
  • shorter digestive tract
55
Q

Hominid Clade

A
  • Australopithecus = ancestor
  • gave rise to many species of hominins:
  • coexisted peacefully
  • group of larger ones became extinct
  • group of smaller ones survived –> gave rise to genus homo
56
Q

Homo Habilis

A
  • 2.5 mya
  • oldest evidence of tool use
  • relatively large brain
  • intermediate between australopithecus and humans
  • walked upright
  • made/used stone tools to enhance hunting
57
Q

Homo Ergaster Trade off

A

Jaw vs Brain

  • brain increases in size while jaw decreases
  • developmentally linked
  • childbirth restraints
  • juveniles of both humans and chimps have similar skulls
  • advancements such as cooking food allow smaller jaws
  • evolutionarily favored by increasingly compelx social life
58
Q

2 species from Homo Ergaster

A
  1. Homo neanderthalensis

2. homo sapiens

59
Q

Out of Africa Hypothesis

A
  • oldest known fossils of homo sapiens in ethiopia
  • DNA studies (mitochondria) suggest all living humans can trace ancestry back to single African homo sapiens woman who lived 160,000-200,000 years ago
  • small population lived solely in Africa for a long time, conditions were rough
  • fossil evidence suggests that our sepcies emerged from africa in 1 or mroe waves when climate improved
  • three broad groups
  • oldest fossils outside africa are only 50,000 years old
60
Q

Tetrapods

A

4 legged terrestrial vertebrates

  • amphibians
  • amniotes
61
Q

In what era did the colonization of land occur?

A

Paleozoic

62
Q

2 Major Amniote Clades

A

Reptiles

Mammals

63
Q

Homom Genus

A
  1. homo habilis
  2. homo erectus
  3. homo ergaster
64
Q

Homo Erectus

A
  • first to leave africa - dispersal
  • taller than H. Habilis
  • smaller brain than modern human with thick skulls
  • used fire
  • hunted large animals
  • stone tools
  • extinct
65
Q

Homo Ergaster

A
  • much larger brain
  • much smaller jaw
  • more complex social life
  • rituals and concepts of life and death
  • gave rise to neanderthals and homo sapiens
66
Q

Neanderthals

A
  • outside of Africa in Europe and Asia - cooler climates
  • short, stocky and powerful
  • brain slightly larger than ours
  • disappeared around 28,000 years ago
  • likely exterminated by homo sapiens
67
Q

Homo Sapiens

A
  • modern humans
  • migrated out of africa 60-70,000 years ago
  • used sophisticated tools
  • evolved larger and more sophisticated brains
  • complex culture and language

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