Lecture 4- Invasions Flashcards
What is colonialism?
A policy or practice by which a country extends its powrr and dominance over other lands and peoples, often by establishing settlements and exploiting resources.
What is the colonial gaze?
A viewpoint held by European colonizers that often portrayed colonized
peoples & lands in a way that justified their dominance & exploitation.
● Involving viewing and representing colonized cultures through a lens that
reflects European values, prejudices, and interests.
What is the doctrine of discovery?
A legal and philosophical principle originating in the 15th and 16th
centuries
● Asserted that European nations had the right to claim lands they
“discovered” if those lands were not already under the control of
Christian sovereigns
● Provided a basis for the colonization and conquest of indigenous
territories.
What is Terrae Nullis?
means land belonging to no one
A concept used by European colonial powers to justify their claims to lands already inhabited by Indigenous peoples
What is the myth of the wilderness?
Refers to the idea that certain lands, particularly those inhabited by
Indigenous peoples, were considered “wilderness” or “untamed” by
European colonizers.
● Served to justify colonization and the displacement of Indigenous
populations by portraying these lands as empty or unproductive
What was the protestant reformation?
A religious movement in the 16th century that aimed to reform the Roman
Catholic Church
● Led to the creation of various Protestant denominations.
● Key figures include Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII, who
challenged the authority and practices of the Catholic Church.
What is Catholicism and how did the effect teh Indigenous?
Catholicism is characterized by a hierarchical church structure led by the Pope
● emphasis on sacraments
● especially baptism and the Eucharist
● the belief in the necessity of conversion for salvation.
Catholics believed in the duty to convert non-Christians, including
Indigenous peoples, to save their souls.
● Jesuits, Franciscans, Recollet and other Catholic orders played key roles in
missionary efforts
Jesuits
Jesuits learned Indigenous languages
○ Immersed themselves in local cultures to convert the Huron-Wendat,
Algonquin, and other nations.
○ They often tried to integrate Indigenous spiritual beliefs with Catholic
teachings, leading to some cooperative relationships.
○ Indigenous Groups: Huron-Wendat, Algonquin, Iroquois Confederacy, Innu
(Montagnais)
Anglicanism
Anglican missionaries were less focused on converting Indigenous peoples
compared to Catholic missionaries
● The primary aim was to establish the Church of England among colonists
Puritanism
Puritans sought to “purify” the Church of England of Catholic practices
● emphasized predestination
● individual interpretation of the Bible
● a strict moral code.
● believed in the concept of a “covenant community,” where the church and
government were closely intertwined.Puritans viewed their colonies as a “City upon a Hill,” a model Christian
society.
● Believed in spreading their faith
● BUT often intolerant of other religious practices, including Indigenous spiritual
beliefs
Quakerism
Quakers (the Religious Society of Friends) emphasized inner spiritual experience
or light over formal rituals
● Pacifism
● the equality of all people in the eyes of God
● They rejected the hierarchical structure of the Anglican Church
● believed in religious tolerance and nonviolence
Quakers did not actively seek to convert Indigenous peoples
● BUT they believed in treating them fairly and respectfully as equals.
Who was John Elliot
Refered to as the “Apostle to the Indians”, a puritan missionary who played a role in the establishment of the praying indian towns
translated the bible into the Massechusets language
What are Praying Indian towns
Where converted Indigenous peoples were encouraged to live
