Lecture 4: Introduction to Pharmacology and Scope

Question 1

The MOA of a drug and how the Drug affects the body is known as?

Answer 1

PharmacoDynamics

Question 2

A drug which resides in an inactive form (as manufactured) and when administered is transformed (metabolized) into an active compound (capable of inducing pharmacological effect) is known as what?

Answer 2

Pro-drug

Question 3

What 3 criteria are used for Pharmaceutical equivalence?

Answer 3

1) Same active ingredients
2) Same dosage form/route of administration
3) Same strength/concentration of active ingredient

*And meet the same standards for quality/purity

Question 4

A field of study of the appropriate use of medications to effectively treat or prevent disease and manage symptoms, using evidence-based medicine, is known as?

Answer 4

Pharmacotherapeutics

Question 5

What is the definition of Pharmaceutical alternatives?

i.e., what is the same and what is different

Answer 5

Same active drug but different salts/complexes, or different dosage forms or strengths

Question 6

What is Bioequivalence and the % range?

Answer 6

• Similar rate and extent of absorption
• 80-125% of reference product

Question 7

What is the criteria for a drug to be considered therapeutically equivalent?

i.e., what 2 types of equivalence and also must have the same what?

Answer 7

• Must be pharmaceutically-equivalent and bio-equivalent AND expected to have the same:
  1) Therapeutic (clinical) effect
  2) Safety profile

Question 8

What are the 3 pregnancy risk categories for drugs used by the FDA?

Answer 8

1) Pregnancy (includes labor and delivery)
2) Lactation (includes nursing mothers)
3) Females and Males of Reproductive potential

Question 9

What are the 2 categories of legend drugs (prescription required)?

Answer 9

1) Non-scheduled/Non-controlled: NO abuse potential
2) Scheduled/controlled (C-I thru C-V): based on abuse potential

Question 10

How does the number designation C-I thru C-V related to the abuse potential of scheduled drugs?

Answer 10

Lower risk of abuse the higher the number (i.e., C-IV or C-V)

Question 11

The numeric designation of scheduled drugs has an impact on what 3 things?

Answer 11

• Dispense quantitiy
• Refills allowed
• Prescriptions’ life-span

Question 12

What is q.h.s?

Answer 12

Every night at bedtime

Question 13

What is a.c. vs. p.c.?

Answer 13

• a.c. = before meals
• p.c. = after meals

Question 14

Differentiate o.d., o.s., and o.u. for administration of drugs for the eye.

Answer 14

• o.d. = right eye
• o.s. = left eye
• o.u. = both eyes

Question 15

Differentiate a.d., a.s., and a.u. for administration of drugs for the ears.

Answer 15

• a.d. = right ear
• a.s. = left ear
• a.u. = both ears

Question 16

What is gtt?

Answer 16

Drops

Question 17

What is ut. dict. (u.d.)?

Answer 17

As directed

Question 18

What is t.r.a.?

Answer 18

To run at

Question 19

What is k.v.a.?

Infusion rate?

Answer 19

Keep vein open (a “slow” infusion rate)

Question 20

What does D5W/D10W/D50W refer to?

Answer 20

• “x”% dextrose in water
• D5W = 5% dextrose in water = 5 grams in 100 mL

Question 21

If you give 25cc of D50W how many grams of dextrose were given?

Answer 21

12.5 g

*25cc = 25 mL and there are 50g of dextrose per 100 mL