lecture 4 governance and power

Question 1

What are ten points to characterize a city?

Answer 1

1. population density
2. includes citizens that are not peasants/farmers
3. concentration of agricultural surplus
4. public buildings
5. ruling class but, also contested
6. skills: writing, use of wheel and plow, too much focus on material
7. other forms of science (astronomy, maths) too little on social relations
8. artistic expression
9. long distance trade
10. sense of community: identity, language, shared facilities

Question 2

what two historical phases are the result from the end of ideologies?

Answer 2

1. Public buildings to serve power
2. Public buildings to serve the power and the community

Question 3

What institutions do villages have?

Answer 3

communal institutions

Question 4

what institutions do cities have?

Answer 4

• Administrative and political institutions
• A power that is not communal
• Power of the leader and community of citizens

Question 5

what are two forms of public buildings?

Answer 5

1. Seats of power
2. seats of communal life

Question 6

Public buildings for the basic functions of a
government:

Answer 6

Run by the governmental power
Not or hardly accessible to common people

Question 7

Public buildings to serve the community:

Answer 7

Organized by community members
Widely accessible

Question 8

Merchants became central to urban
communities:

Answer 8

1. Organization of merchant guilds: regulation and
   protection trade
2. Prominent members of the urban elite
3. Member of the urban governance

Question 9

Political autonomy:

Answer 9

city council that governs

Question 10

Legal autonomy:

Answer 10

laws and courts to protect citizens and regulate

Question 11

Fiscal autonomy:

Answer 11

urban budget, urban taxes

Question 12

What is wafq?

Answer 12

A Islamic religious or charitable foundation created by an
endowed trust fund.
* Donation of a building or land for religious or charitable purposes
* No aimed at profit, but at donations for public facilities.
* Examples: orphanage, bathhouse, hospital, school or mosque.

Question 13

What civic buildings are there in europe?

Answer 13

Town halls and squares: representation of selfgovernment
and urban power

Question 14

What civic buildings are there in the islamic world?

Answer 14

Mosques: representation of Ottoman power and
Islam

Question 15

What civic buildings are there in asia?

Answer 15

Temples: representation of the emperor and
power of central government

Question 16

What civic buildings are there in latin america?

Answer 16

Square: symbol of Spanish rule

Question 17

What does the ideal city represent?

Answer 17

• Writings that imagine the city as ideal: powerful, wealthy, big, clean, beautiful
• Guidebooks with maps
• Townscape
• Woodcuts of city streets
• Essays, journals, poems, songs, performances every day city life

Question 18

What is the impact of modern state formation in europe?

Answer 18

• From urban citizenship to state citizenship
• States are increasingly taking over public administration and services
• Urban autonomy diminished
• The end of urban associations

Question 19

what are Problems with the model of the Oriental City and the Western City?

Answer 19

Until the mid-19th century studies on the antiquity based on Greece and Rome
Non-Western cities considered ‘different’:
-Oriental cities were too big
-Too much centered on the royal palace
-Communal structures found in Western cities absent: the agora (central public space) .

Question 20

City and state in europe 1500-1800

Answer 20

Restricted concept of citizenship became typical of Western tradition since middle ages
Characteristics:
* Exclusive citizenship (citizens vs residants)
* Self-governance of cities
* Communal civic institutions

Question 21

what does habermas say?

Answer 21

Public Sphere in Western Europe emerges:
“Realm of social life in which public opinion canvbe formed”
* Rise of public political and social debate
* Newspapers and pamphlets
* Public houses, associations and societies that discuss societal matters

Question 22

Benedict Anderson (1983):

Answer 22

Imagined communities
A socially constructed community, imagined by the people who
perceive themselves as a group >
1. Members identify with the community as an entity
2. Shared image of the community

Question 23

How is represitation expressed in urban communities?

Answer 23

Through buildings
Rituals and shared events
Urban spaces

Question 24

The representation of social hierarchy in China and Japan

Answer 24

• Officials/samurai
• Farmers/peasants
• Craftsmen
• Merchants

Question 25

The representation of social hierarchy in Europe

Answer 25

• Clergy
• Nobility
• Townspeople (burghers, citizens)
• Farmers/peasants

Question 26

Other types of distinction within cities:

Answer 26

• Ethnicity (colonial cities)
• Religion (Ottoman Empire, Europe)
• Citizens with rights and inhabitants (Europe)
• Rich and poor
• Deserving and undeserving

Question 27

what does Civil Societies mean?

Answer 27

Non-governmental organizations and institutions of citizens that serve interests of citizens

Question 28

Characteristics of pre-modern European urban civil societies:

Answer 28

Citizens form associations and institution to serve
their own interests
Associations of citizens exist next to governmental
institutions and religious institutions
Public services are provided by the urban
government, church and citizens

Question 29

Association building in Chinese cities based on kinship group
and lineage, but also: (William T. Rowe (2013))

Answer 29

Brotherhoods formatted by migrants
Social organizations for religious practices (neighbourhood
temples)
Artisan guilds and communities of sojourners