lecture 2 population and migration

Question 1

What are the most important features of a city?

Answer 1

Largre human population
Density of population
Service

Question 2

How did cities grow?

Answer 2

High mortality, urban growth promoted by three differen factors:
1. movement from countryside to city
2. agrarion development
3. growth of long distance trade

Question 3

What types of migration are there?

Answer 3

1. Forced (warfare & slavery) and voluntary (opportunities)
2. Tremporary (hiding from warfare) and permanent (settling)
3. Rural-urban and inter-urban

Question 4

What are pre-modern town characterized by?

Answer 4

Urban graveyard effect
1. Death rates exceeded birth rates:
- High infant mortality
- Epidemics (plague, smallpox)
2. Urban centers could only survive through permanent influx of migration
3. Increase of urban population requierd twice as many people moving to the city

Question 5

What problems are there with counting early urban population?

Answer 5

No solid information about size
Number related to hectars of domistic space

Question 6

Why did people migrate to mesopotamia?

Answer 6

• Rural insecurity (land and water scarcity)
• Urban residents expresses membership (and power) of early citystate communities
• Forced migration (slaves

Question 7

Why did people migrate to ancient greece (4th 5th century BC)?

Answer 7

• City state
• 60% of the people lived in cities
• farming population
• athenes: 40.000 inhabitants (slaves and ex slaves

Question 8

Why did people migrate to roman italy (4th 1st century BC)?

Answer 8

• Latin colonies: walled urban centers with various functions
• State sponsered migration and voluntary migration
• Urbanization level up to 20-32%
• Farming population did not live in the city

Question 9

How many inhabitants did imperial rome had 4th - 1st century BC?

Answer 9

1 million

Question 10

Why did people migrate to China (from 2600-2000 BC, onwards large cities)?

Answer 10

• City-states
• Capital cities with walls and fortifications
• No reliable information about size and level of urbanization
• Forced migration of families

Question 11

Why did people migrate to South Asia (3000 BC)?

Answer 11

• Large urban settlements across India
• Little information about the number of cities and the size of populations

Question 12

Why did cities emerge in south asia?

Answer 12

1. State formation or demographic
2. Rural-urban migration

Question 13

What was the average level of migration in europe between 1500-1800?

Answer 13

13%

Question 14

How many percent of urban inhabitants are migrants in europe between 1500-1800? And who are they?

Answer 14

30%, young people, single adults, temporary stay: sojouners

Question 15

What was the average level of urbanization in China, ming-qing period (1368-1912)?

Answer 15

5%

Question 16

What problems were there with rising urban migration?

Answer 16

• Pressure of public services and poor relief
• Tention among mirgants and native born
• Overcrowding
• Public order

Question 17

Why did cities grow?

Answer 17

Before 1800: migration key factor

Question 18

Urban migration pyramid europe

Answer 18

Large majority from the hinterland
- Apprentices, domestic servants, day labourers
- Non specialized, low skilled, temporary and seasonal
- Many women

Question 19

Urban migration pyramid europe top

Answer 19

Top of the pyramid intercity and longer distance
- Artisans, merchants, entrepreneurs
- Specialized and skilled
- Inter-state migration

Question 20

Urban migration pyramid china

Answer 20

• Migrants from longer distanced
• Interregional
• Skilled and specialized
• Strong native-place lines
• Mechants, artisans or officials (= top of the pyramid in europe
• Low proportion of women

Question 21

What are three types of migration regulations are there?

Answer 21

• Limitation overall freedom of movement
• Entry restictions
• Freedom of movement with regulation settelement

Question 22

Urban citizenship in europe (1500-1800)

Answer 22

• Inclusion and exclusion through urban corporations
• Marriage as integration mechanism
• Less strong family ties

Question 23

Integration in china (1500-1800)

Answer 23

• Imperial household registration system
• native-place associations
• focus on ancestry: strong family ties

Question 24

What shift was there between 1800-1900?

Answer 24

Level of urbanization western world surpasses the rest of the world (the great divergence)

Question 25

What is the explanation from the shift between 1800-1900?

Answer 25

1. Industrial and agrarian revolutions
2. Population growth
3. transport revolution

Question 26

Europe after 1900

Answer 26

• relatively small cities
• integration market economy and rural hinterland
• high level of urbanization

Question 27

China after 1900

Answer 27

• Large cities (over 100.000 inhabitants)
• Lower levels of urbanization
• Manufacturing in the countryside
• Place of origin and family lines important
• State-policy: household registration to control migration

Question 28

India after 1900

Answer 28

• Top largest cities
• Low urbanization degree: ca. 30%
• Migration pattern: temporary seasonal
• Housing expensive
• Poor urban welfare provisioning

Question 29

Africa after 1900

Answer 29

• Low urbanization degree: ca. 37%
• Large cities, but not in top largest
• Primate cities –> pull factor: concentration of capital and administration and services (post colonial rule)
• Mining towns: pull factor: industry
• Poor urban welfare provisioning

Question 30

What did Lucassen say in the book?

Answer 30

• Institutional arrangements the key to understand different practices across time and space
• The quantity and quality of services and rights offered (degree of exclusions or inclusion)
• Dependency on ethnic and kin networks
• Strenght of rural-urban links