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A. White- Comparative Anatomy > Lecture 4- Diversity And Phylogeny Of Tetrapods > Flashcards

Lecture 4- Diversity And Phylogeny Of Tetrapods Flashcards

1
Q

List the subclasses and orders for the superclass Tetrapoda, class Amphibia

A 
Class Amphibia:
> subclass Labyrinthodontia 
>>> order Icthyostegalia
>>> order Temnospondyli
>>> order Antracosaur

> subclass Lepospondyli

> subclass Lissamphibia
» order Anura
» order Caudata (urodeles)
» order Apoda (caelians)

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2
Q

List the orders of the superclass tetrapoda, class Amphibia, Subclass Labyrinthodontia

A

> order Icthyostegalia
order Temnospondyli
order Antrhacosaur

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3
Q

List the orders of the superclass Tetrapoda, class Amphibia, Subclass Lissamphibia

A

> order Anura
order Caudata (urodeles)
order Apoda

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4
Q

List the subclasses and orders of the superclass Tetrapoda, class Reptilia

A

Class Reptilia
> subclass Anapsida
»> order cotylosauria
»> order Chelonia

> subclass Diapsida
>>> infraclass Euryapsida
>>> infraclass Lepidosauria
>>> infraclass Archosauria
>>>>> order Thecondonta
>>>>> order Pterosauria
>>>>> order Saurischia
>>>>> order Ornithischia
>>>>> order Crocodilia

> subclass Synapsida
» order Pelycosauria
» order Therapsida

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5
Q

List the orders for the superclass Tetrapoda, class Reptilia, Subclass Anapsida

A

> order Cotylosauria

> order Chelonia

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6
Q

List the infraclasses and the orders associated with each for the superclass Tetrapoda, Class Reptilia, subclass Diapsida

A 
> infraclass Euryapsida
> infraclass Lepidosauria
> infraclass Archosauria
>>> order Thecondonta
>>> order Pterosauria
>>> order Saurischia
>>> order Ornithischia
>>> order Crocodilia
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7
Q

List the orders for the superclass Tetrapoda, class Reptilia, subclass Synapsida

A

> order Pelycosauria

> order Therapsida

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8
Q

List the subclasses for the superclass Tetrapoda, class Aves

A 
> subclass Archaeornithes
> subclass Neornithes
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9
Q

List the subclasses for the superclass Tetrapoda, class Mammalia

A 
> subclass Prototheria
> subclass Theria
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10
Q

List the classes associated with the superclass Tetrapoda

A 
> class Reptilia
> class Amphibia
> class Aves
> class Mammalia
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11
Q

Many sources refer to early Devonian Tetrapods as __________, which are usually replace with the amphibians?

A

> Labyrinthodonts

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12
Q

Labyrinthodont-you of early tetrapods appeared during these time periods?

A

> late Devonian or early Carboniferous periods

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13
Q

__________ are named for the complexly folded pattern of enamel seen in cross-sections of their teeth?

A

> Labyrinthodonts

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14
Q

True or False: modern sources use the term “amphibian” to refer only to the three living classes of amphibians and have dropped the term labyrinthodont?

A

> true

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15
Q

___________ are early Carboniferous tetrapods that were smaller than Labyrinthodonts and have differences in their vertebral column and teeth?

A

> Lepospondyls

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16
Q

___________ appeared during the early Carboniferous period and are thought to have given rise to modern amphibians?

A

> Temnospondyls

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17
Q

What is one of the best know of examples of an early Devonian tetrapod?

A

> Icthyostegalia

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of Icthyostega (

A

> minute bony scales in skin

> tail with fin rays

> sensory canals with neuromas the cells

> external nostrils located far forward on lateral margins of upper jaws and separated from internal nostrils by a thin plate of bone

> in later tetrapods the external nostrils were located more dorsally, and the internal nostrils were more posteriorly, resulting in a well-defined nasal canal

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of Lepospondyls?

A

> co-existed with Devonian tetrapods

> produced a wide variety of forms

> some forms had horn-like extensions on sides of head that supported skin flaps that may have served as hydrofoils for locomotion or may have been vascularized as gas exchange organ

> Lepospondyls became extinct without giving rise to additional groups

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20
Q

Characteristics of early Devonian Tetrapods?

A

> probably aquatic (even later tetrapods required water for reproduction)

> probably spent most of time in water

> lungs were well developed and frequently used

> early tetrapods (including amphibians) probably retained fish-like scales, but later tetrapods in Permian developed tougher skin with bony plates and ossicles

> By Carboniferous, skulls of early tetrapods were heavily armored

> dorsal median opening in skull for pineal body

> notch at back of skull on either side for tympanic membrane
» New development, because no tympanic membrane existed in fishes or crossopterygians

> rod-like stapes attached to inside of tympanic membrane and inserted into a hole (fenestra ovalis) in the side of the braincase
» sound transmission system which transmitted sound waves to inner-ear mechanism just inside the brain case
» space occupied by the stapes between the braincase wall and the tympanic membrane was forerunner of the tetrapod middle ear cavity
» stapes itself was derived from the hyomandibular element (from the second gill arch) which was used to support the lower jaw in fishes

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21
Q

True or False: descendants of early Devonian tetrapods included a variety of forms, most of which became extinct without giving rises to other forms

A

> true

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22
Q

Temnospondyls are thought to have given rise to modern _______?

A

> amphibians

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23
Q

Anthracosaurs appeared during late Devonian or early Carboniferous and co existed with _______?

A

> icthyostegids

|&raquo_space;> Anthracosaurs included the embolomeres (referred to later in discussion on vertebral column)

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24
Q

These evolved from Anthracosaurs and anatomically are intermediates between early tetrapods and reptiles?

A

> seymouriamorphs

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25
Q

These included a wide variety of forms and are thought to have given rise to modern amphibians?

A

> temnospondyls
» arose during Mississippian period
» dominant amphibian during Permian
» best represented by Eryops (»» 6+ feet in length
»» heavily boned, thick skull
»» may have been an aggressive fish-eating animal that also preyed on other land animals

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26
Q

Temnospondyls are best represent by the Eryops (

A

> 6+ feet in length
heavily boned, thick skull
may have been an aggressive fish-eating animal that also preyed on other land animals

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27
Q

What are the characteristics of the caudates (urodeles) [modern amphibian]?

A

> name implies that they have a tail
includes modern salamanders
earliest salamanders is Karurus (

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28
Q

What are the characteristics of the anurans [modern amphibian]?

A

> name implies that they lack a tail
includes modern frogs and toads
earliest frog ancestor is Triadobatrachus ( earliest known frog id Vieraella ( similar to modern frogs but vertebral column was longer and hind legs were shorter

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29
Q

What are the characteristics of the apodans (caecilian)[modern amphibian]?

A

> name implies that they lack limbs
includes modern caecilians
earliest caecilian is Apodops ( wormlike, externally segmented, burrowing, subterranean amphibians

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30
Q

What are the relationships shared by the three modern orders (caudates, anurans, and apodans)?

A 
> uncertainty as to whether the three modern orders belong to a single subclass or to two or three subclasses
> all modern amphibians have pedicellate teeth, cylindrical vertebral centra, and two auditory ossicles, suggesting that they belong to a single subclass, but some workers think otherwise
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31
Q

List the characteristics of the Seymouriamorphs.

A

> evolved from Anthracosaurs
represented by Seymouria (» from Permian sediments from Seymour, Texas

> > > structurally intermediate between early tetrapods and reptiles

> > > deep, roofed dorso-lateral notch at back of skull

> > > Labyrinthodont teeth

> > > single occipital condyle (typical of Anthracosaurs)

> > > reptilian-like vertebral column

> > > centra constructed of two elements each an reptilian-like

> > > limb bones similar to reptiles

> > > may have laid reptilian-like eggs

> > > most anatomical features definitely similar to Anthracosaurs

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32
Q

Subclasses of reptiles are based on what?

A

> skull morphology

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33
Q

Classification of the subclasses of reptiles is dependent upon what two features of the skull?

A

> classification depends on presence of holes (fenestrae) and intervening bony arches located on back sides of skull

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34
Q

This term refers to the arch of the reptile skull?

A

> apsid

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35
Q

These skull types have no additional opening other than nasal and orbital openings?

A

> anapsid (no arch) skulls

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36
Q

These skull types have two additional openings aside from the nasal and orbital openings?

A

> diapsids (two arches) skulls

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37
Q

These skull types have one additional opening aside from the nasal and orbital openings?

A

> synapsid skulls

38
Q

The term “________” has been used in older classification schemes and refers to a skull with one additional opening but is now thought to be a modified diapsid skull?

A

> euryapsid

39
Q

This subclass includes the cotylosaurs and chelonian (turtles)?

A

> anapsids

40
Q

True or False: it is now thought that turtles have a modified diapsid skull in which both openings have been lost. Therefore, turtles are probably not direct descendants of the cotylosaur?

A

> true

41
Q

List the characteristics of the cotylosaur (Didactomorph)?

A

> stem reptiles for all other reptiles

> resembled seymourian tetrapods

> may have been several feet in length

> had considerable dermal armor

> skulls more laterally flattened rather than dorsoventrally flattened as in amphibians

> no additional skull openings
» temporalis muscles are the major jaw-closing muscles and run between the medial side of the lower jaw and the lateral side of the braincase
» additional openings would allow for more muscle expansion and a more powerful bite and more efficient chewing

> earliest cotylosaurs were the captorhinids
» first appear in Carboniferous period
» relatively small (» probably insectivorous

42
Q

______ are characterized by having two lateral cheek openings behind each orbit?

A

> diapsids

43
Q

Each of the lateral cheek openings, behind each orbit of the diapsids, are bounded by what?

A

> a bony bar (or arch)

44
Q

True or false: many diapsids have secondarily lost one or both of the bars that bind the lateral cheek openings behind their orbits?

A

> true
» modern lizards have lost the lower bar
» snakes have lost both bars

45
Q

The earliest diapsids appeared during what time period?

A

> upper Pennsylvanian

46
Q

Summarize the Lepidosauromorphs, an infraclass of the diapisids.

A

> include modern groups of reptiles: snakes, lizards, Sphenodon (

47
Q

Summarize the Archosauromorphs, and infraclass of the diapsids.

A

> include crocodilians, flying reptiles, dinosaurs (ornithischians and saurischians) and birds
also referred to as thecodonts because of teeth set into sockets

48
Q

What two groups of dinosaurs are classified according to their pelvic girdle?

A

> Ornithischians (bird-hipped dinosaurs)

> Saurischians (lizard-hipped dinosaurs)

49
Q

Summarize the Ornithischians (bird-hipped dinosaurs)

A

> tetraradiate pelvic girdle
include both quadrupedal and bipedal forms
include hadrosaurs, stegosaurs, Triceratops (

50
Q

Summarize the Saurischians (lizard-hipped dinosaurs)

A

> triradiate pelvic girdle
include both quadrupedal and bipedal forms
include Apatosaurs (

51
Q

The Lepidosaurs include three modern groups of reptiles, what are they?

A

> Sphenodon ( snakes

> lizards

52
Q

Summarize the Sphenodons (

A

> has a true diapsid skull and a primitive pectoral girdle
resembles a lizrd but is not a lizard
native to New Zealand

53
Q

These would be the flying reptiles?

A

> pterosaurs

54
Q

What are the characteristics of the flying reptiles (pterosaurs)?

A

> thin fold of skin extended between the trunk and the elongated fourth finger of each hand. (Different from pattern in birds)
appear fully developed in the upper Triassic and Jurassic
Rhamphorhynchus was a Jurassic pterosaur:
» 2 feet in length
» long tail with rudder-like flap of skin
»hollow bones (similar to modern birds)
» example of parallel evolution
early pterosaurs possessed sharp teeth (fish-eaters?) and were found near bodies of water
mostly adapted for soaring but some may have been capable of some power flight

55
Q

List some other diapsids

A

> crocodilians
phytosaurs
» closely related to crocodilians but not ancestral to them

> mosasaurs
» marine reptiles

> euryapsids
» plesiosaurs and icthyosaurs

56
Q

True or False: birds are not placed in their own class?

A

> false

> birds are placed in their own class, Aves

57
Q

** Bird information **

A

> examination of the cladogram suggests that birds are most closely related to the saurischians

58
Q

** Bird information **

A

> the term “dinosaurs” (comprised of the ornithischians and saurischians) refers to a paraphyletic group, because it includes the ancestors of birds and dinosaurs but not include the birds

59
Q

Birds my be thought of as what?

A

> feathered dinosaurs

60
Q

The earliest bird-like fossils belonged to what genus?

A

> Archaeopteryx (

61
Q

What were the characteristics of the bird-like animals belonging to the genus Archaeopteryx (

A

> upper Jurassic
bony tail (birds have replaced bony tail with feathers)
separate fingers with claws (birds have reduced digits w/o claws)
teeth (birds lack teeth)

62
Q

What was an indication that Archaeopteryx was a bird, but not the first bird?

A

> later, better preserved fossils showing the presence of feathers

63
Q

** Bird information **

A

> there is a gap in the bird fossil record until the Cretaceous, when a few fossils of birds similar to moderns aquatic birds were found
» Hesperornis (

64
Q

What is the current theory on the origin of birds?

A

> birds probably evolved from a bipedal archosaur (probably a saurischian)
» this transition is not in the fossil record
» neither is there any evidence as to why flight might have evolved
»» may have evolved as a means of thermal insulation
»» may have evolved as an insect-catching net
»» may have allowed for better pursuit of prey or escape from predation
»» may allowed early archosaurs to roost in trees at night

65
Q

** Synapsids information **

A

> synapsids include the pelycosaurs through the cynognathids in the cladogram

66
Q

** Synapsids information **

A

> members of this subclass appeared in the later Permian 310 to 280 million years ago

67
Q

Members of this subclass were reptile that bridged the gap between reptiles and mammals?

A

> synapsids

68
Q

What were the earliest synapsids?

A

> pelycosaurs

69
Q

Later synapsids are collectively referred to as the ________, which are more similar to mammals?

A

> therapsids

70
Q

** Synapsids information **

A

> transition from reptiles to mammals occurred between Permian and Triassic 230 to 180 million years ago

71
Q

What are the characteristics of the pelycosaurs (synapsids)

A

> generally only a few feet in length
NOT contemporary with dinosaurs
some had a large sail-like structure on their back
» this structure was highly vascularized
» thought to have been a thermoregulatory device

72
Q

What are the characteristics of the therapsids (synapsids)?

A

> make up a group of several clades
prosynosuchidae, thrinaxondontidae, and cynognathidae are the cynodont therapsids and are most mammal-like
Cynognathus (» elbow and knee swung inward to toward the body
» many features of the skull were more mammal-like
» transition to mammal-like jaw articulation

73
Q

What mammalian characteristics are shared with advanced therapsids?

A

> secondary palate consisting of premaxillary, maxillary, and palatine bones
pterygoid bones solidly fused to braincase
enlarged dentary bone
differentiation of teeth into incisors, canines, and cheek teeth
considerable regional differentiation of ribs and vertebrae
legs pulled in
ilium extended forward
elongated sacrum
feet well-developed
jaw articulation pattern:
» mammalian jaw articulation occurs between temporal bone and mandible
» reptilian jaw articulation occurs between quadrate and articular bones
» Triassic therapsid Diarthrognathous (»» has both patterns of jaw articulation

74
Q

List some mammalian characteristics

A

> live birth (except egg-laying mammals)
endothermy (homeothermy)
respiratory diaphragm
four-chambered heart with completely divided ventricle
neocortex
» multiple layer of neurons covering cerebral lobes of brain
double occipital condyle
mandible consisting of a single bone (dentary)
bony secondary palate
loss of interclavicle (except in egg-laying mammals)
hair/ fur
possess mammary glands

75
Q

Earliest mammals were the ______?

A

> morganucodonts
» late Triassic to early Jurassic
» heterodont dentition with triconodont molars

76
Q

What are the two subclasses of mammals?

A

> prototheria

> theria

77
Q

Summarize the protheria, a subclass of mammals

A

> include egg-laying mammals—the monotremes—which lay shelled eggs and retain a reptilian cloaca
examples: duck-billed platypus and spiny anteater (restricted to Australia and New Guinea)

78
Q

Summarize the theria, a subclass of mammals

A

> include the marsupials (pouched mammals such as the possum and kangaroo) and the placentals
trituberculate molars

79
Q

The earliest known vertebrates were confined to what type of environment?

A

> an aquatic environment

80
Q

What advantages would there be for an aquatic animal to venture onto land?

A

> to find new environments when some existing ponds and freshwater environments are dried up
to tap into a new and abundant food source (insects)

81
Q

Terrestrial life requires solving what types of problems?

A 
> desiccation 
> resistance to gravity
> changes in organs for special senses
> excretion of nitrogenous wastes
> changes in reproduction
82
Q

Amphibians are subject to _______ when out of water for prolonged periods of time?

A

> desiccation

83
Q

What type of environment do amphibians require for reproduction?

A

> an aquatic environment

84
Q

True or False: most amphibians depend partially or entirely on their skin for gas exchange?

A

> true
» most amphibians supplement gas exchange through the lungs with gas exchange through the integument
» the integument must be kept moist to allow diffusion of respiratory gases and must be relatively thin and well vascularized
» some amphibians, such as plethodontid salamanders, depend entirely on their integument for gas exchange and lack lungs
»» NOTE that to maximize surface area for gas exchange, these salamanders are small and very slender

85
Q

What changes in the pituitary gland occur to control desiccation occur when the amphibians are out of water?

A

> changes in the pituitary gland to secrete vasopressin (ADH = antidiuretic hormone)
this hormone affects the permeability of certain tissues and allows water that would otherwise be lost to the environment to enter tissue spaces and be retained
in humans, this hormone causes the kidneys to retain water and to reduce the amount of water lost as urine

86
Q

How do aquatic animals control for resistance to gravity when upon land?

A

> the body weight (mass) of aquatic animals is supported in part by the buoyancy of the water in which they live
Terrestrialism requires anatomical adaptations that resist the pull of gravity
some of these adaptations include:
» more dorsal positioning of the vertebral column
» considerable development of the pectoral and pelvic girdles and limbs
» attachment of the pelvic girdle to the vertebral column
» reduction in axail musculature in favor of an increase mass and complexity of the limb musculature

87
Q

Summarize the vertebral column in terms of the resistance of gravity required for terrestrialism for Devonian tetrapods.

A

> vertebral column consisted of a series of discs or rings, making up the centra of the vertebrae

88
Q

Summarize the vertebral column in terms of the resistance of gravity required for terrestrialism for early amphibians.

A

> vertebrae became transformed into a series of ligaments of interlocking bones with attachments for muscles and ligaments
vertebral column remained flexible in more aquatic vertebrates such as salamanders, but became less flexible in those tetrapods that became more dependent on limbs for locomotion
» aquatic salamanders such as Necturus (»» use their trunk and tail for swimming
»» limbs are relatively small and more useful for walking on bottom of river or streams
»» buoyancy provides some support against gravity
» more terrestrial amphibians such as frogs and toads have a more rigid vertebral column and depend on limbs for locomotion

89
Q

Summarize the changes in organs for special senses, such as the lateral line system, required for terrestrialism

A

> the lateral line system is extensively well developed in most aquatic organism such as fishes
this system allows the organism to detect electromagnetic waves in the water and is used extensively to find prey

90
Q

Summarize the changes in organs for special senses, such as the ear, required for terrestrialism.

A

> the ear of terrestrial vertebrates changed and became able to conduct sound waves in air rather than in the water
lagena formed the cochlea (discussed later in lecture)

91
Q

summarize the changes in special organs for special senses, such as the eye, required for terrestrialism

A

> evolution of the cornea allowed for coarse adjustment, while the lens allowed for fine adjustment

A. White- Comparative Anatomy (5 decks)

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