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A. White- Comparative Anatomy > Lecture 3- Diversity And Phylogeny Of Fishes > Flashcards

Lecture 3- Diversity And Phylogeny Of Fishes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 vertebrate superclasses?

A

> Pisces (fishes)

> tetrapoda

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2
Q

What are the classes of fishes?

A 
> Agnatha
> acanthodii*
> placodermi*
> Chondrichthyes
> Osteichthyes
  • = extinct
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3
Q

What classes of fishes are extinct?

A

> acanthodii

> placodermi

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4
Q

List the subclasses and orders fish belonging to the class Agnatha

A 
> class Agnatha
>>> subclass Ostracodermi
>>>>> order Heterostraci
>>>>> order Cephalaspidomorpha
>>>>> order Anapsida

> > > subclass Cyclostomata
» order Petromyzontiformes
» order Myxiniformes

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5
Q

List the orders of the fishes belonging to the class Placodermi.

A

> class Placodermi
» order Arthrodira
» order Antiarchi

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6
Q

List the subclasses and orders of the fishes belonging to the class Chondrichthyes

A 
> class Chondrichthyes 
>>> subclass Elasmobranchii
>>>>> order Squaliformes
>>>>> order Rajiformes
>>>>> order Cladoselchii
>>>>> order Pleruacanthodii
>>> subclass Holocephali
>>>>> order Chimaeriformes
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7
Q

List the subclasses of fishes belonging to the class Osteichthyes

A 
> Class Osteichthyes 
>>> subclass Sarcopterygii
>>> subclass Actinopterygii
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8
Q

Summarize the characteristics of the fishes belong to class Agnatha, subclass Ostracodermi

A

> oldest known vertebrates (450my)
all extinct
oldest were probably found in fresh or brackish water, but later ones may have been marine
Devonian period
lacked jaws and paired appendages
pharyngeal pumping mechanism (replaced the ciliary filter-feeding system of protochordates)
nasal openings
pineal organ
10 pairs of cranial nerves
dermal armor (protection and phosphate storage?)

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9
Q

Summarize the fishes belonging to the class Agnatha, subclass Ostracodermi, order Heterostraci. Also provide an example.

A 
> order Heterostraci
>>> armored head shield
>>> paired spines
>>> reversed heterocercal tail
>>> example:
>>>>> Pteraspis (
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10
Q

Summarize the fishes belonging to the class Agnatha, subclass Ostracodermi, order Cephalaspidomorpha. Also provide an example.

A 
> order Cephalaspidomorpha 
>>> bony head armor
>>> more flexible trunk armor
>>> mouth more anterior
>>> heterocercal tail
>>> bottom feeders
>>> example:
>>>>> Hemicyclaspis (
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11
Q

Summarize the fishes belonging to the class Agnatha, subclass Ostracodermi, order Anapsida. Also provide an example.

A 
> order Anapsida
>>> upper Silurian
>>> no large armor plates
>>> fusiform body shape
>>> some may have been open-water swimmers and more active predators
>>> example:
>>>>> Rhyncholepis (
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12
Q

Summarize the characteristics fishes belonging to the class Agnatha, subclass Cyclostomata.

A 
> characteristics
>>> lack jaws and paired appendages 
>>> two living orders:
>>>>> Petromyzontiformes
>>>>> Myxiniformes
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13
Q

Summarize the fishes belonging to the class Agnatha, subclass Cyclostomatao, order Petromyzontiformes. Also provide an example.

A

> order Petromyzontiformes
» marine and freshwater lampreys
» example:
»» Petromyzon (»»» adults are predacious
»»» anadromous
»»» ammocoetes larva
»»»» filter feeder
»»» gills in pouches
»»»» separate gill openings
»»» median pineal gland
»»» single nostril does not open to pharynx
»»» adult lampreys spend most of their life in a marine environment
»»» adult lampreys return to freshwater to breed
»»» larval lampreys (ammocoetes larvae) grow and develop in the freshwater environments as filter feeders and then move into a marine environment to become predators
»»» this lifestyle is referred to as anadromous

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14
Q

Describe the significance of each of the three major morphological developments in gnathostomes .

A

> DEVELOPMENT OF JAWS
» food ingested in morsels
» presence of stomach allows for storage of food
PAIRED APPENDAGES
»improved ability to pursue and/or escape
BUOYANCY MECHANISM
» evolved in the form of lungs and swim bladder
» fishes could control depth in water without having to swim continually
» note that sharks must swim to control depth and lack swim bladders

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15
Q

List the characteristics of the fishes belonging to the class Acanthodii. Also, provide an example.

A 
> characteristics
>>> streamlined body
>>> lack of large dermal scales
>>>>> ganoid type
>>> numerous paired and unpaired spines
>>> most were freshwater, but early forms were marine
> example:
>>> Climatius (
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16
Q

List the characteristics of the fishes belonging to the class Placodemi, order Arthrodira. Also, provide an example.

A

> order Arthrodira
» characteristics
»» some were very large (up to 30ft in length)
»» movable joint between head shield and trunk
» example:
»» Coccosteus (»»» head and trunk armor
»»» streamlined body
»»» paired pectoral and pelvic fins
»»» active swimmers and predators

17
Q

List the characteristics of the fishes belonging to the class Placodemi, order Antiarchi. Also, provide an example.

A 
> order Antiarchi 
>>> characteristics
>>>>> heavily armored
>>>>> small scale over caudal part of body
>>>>> triangular cross-section
>>>>> jointed pectoral spines
>>>>> bottom dweller
>>>>> heterocercal tail
>>> example:
>>>>> Pterichthyodes (
18
Q

List the characteristics of the fishes belonging to the class Chondrichthyes, subclass Elasmobranchii.

A 
> characteristics
>>> large-holed eggs
>>> upper jaw is hyostolic 
>>> paired bobble nostrils
>>> gills open directly to exterior
>>> spiracle in some forms
>>> skeleton entirely of cartilage
>>> males possess claspers on pelvic fins to facilitate sperm transfer
19
Q

Sharks belong to what order of the class Chondrichthyes, subclass Elasmobranchii?

A

> order Squaliformes

20
Q

Skates and rays belong to what order of the class Chondrichthyes, subclass Elasmobranchii?

A

> order Rajiformes

21
Q

Summarize the characteristics of the fishes belonging to the class Chondrichthyes, subclass Elasmobranchii, order Cladoselchii. Also, provide an example.

A 
> order Cladoselchii
>>> characteristics
>>>>> 3-6 feet in length
>>>>> shark-like
>>>>> extinct but thought to represent the first sharks
>>> example
>>>>> Cladodus (
22
Q

Summarize the characteristics of the fishes belonging to the class Chondrichthyes, subclass Elasmobranchii, order pleuracanthodii. Also, provide an example.

A 
> order pleuracanthodii
>>> characteristics
>>>>> freshwater
>>>>> extinct
>>>>> diphycercal tail
>>> example:
>>>>> pleuracanthus (
23
Q

Summarize the characteristics of the fishes belonging to the class Chondrichthyes, subclass Elasmobranchii, order Chimaeriformes. Also, provide an example.

A 
> order Chimaeriformes
>>> characteristics 
>>>>> fleshy operculum 
>>>>> claspers in males
>>>>> autostylic jaw articulation (adaptation for eating shellfish)
>>>>> lack scales over most of body
>>>>> lack spiracles
>>> example:
>>>>> Chimera (
24
Q

Summarize the characteristics of the fishes belonging to the class Osteichthyes, subclass Sarcopterygii. Also, provide an examples for the orders Crossopterygii and Dipnoi.

A

> subclass Sarcopterygii
» lobed paired fins
» internal Skelton is made of cartilage or bone, not spines
» orders
»» Crossopterygii
»»» Latimeria (»»» Osteolepis (»» Dipnoi
»»» Dipterus (

25
Q

Summarize the characteristics of the fishes belonging to the class Osteichthyes, subclass Actinopterygii. Also, provide an examples for the superorders Chondrostei, Holostei, and Teleostei.

A 
> subclass Actinopterygii
>>> Ray-finned fish
>>> internal fin skeleton is made of spines
>>> superorders
>>>>> Chondrostei
>>>>>>> sturgeons
>>>>> Holostei
>>>>>>> Amia (bowfins)
>>>>> Teleostei
>>>>>>> most freshwater and marine bony fishes
26
Q

True or False: transition from fins to feet is thought to have occurred approximately 370 million years ago?

A

> True
» the debate as to which fish family made this move initially favored the coelacanth
» prior to 1938 fossil coelacanths were known, but this group was thought to be extinct
» fisherman off the Comora islands in the Indian Ocean actually caught a living coelacanth, now often referred to as a “living fossil.”
» many living examples of coelacanths have been caught since then
» the bony structure of the coelacanth limb suggested to many biologists that this group was the ancestor of all tetrapods, and this became the predominant textbook dogma

27
Q

True or False: in 1977 researchers in Germany and Spain announced evidence that seemed to favor lungfishes as the sister group for tetrapods?

A

> true
» Axel Myer and Rafael Zardoya used mitochondrial DNA analysis to demonstrate that the MtDNA of lungfish was closer to land animals such as frogs than that of coelacanths
» S. Blair Hedges in 1993 also conducted similar studies that pointed to ancient lungfishes as ancestral tetrapods
»» lungfish traits such as external nostrils and modifications of the circulatory system and blood chemistry may also provide good clues as the ancestry of the earliest tetrapods
» it is generally agreed that the rhipidistian said are the most likely group to represent the ancestral stock for tetrapods

A. White- Comparative Anatomy (5 decks)

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