Lecture 4 - Crime Control and Prevention Flashcards
The Crime Control Model (Packer, 1968)
Focuses on having an efficient system, with the most important function being to suppress and control crime to ensure that society is safe and there is public order.
The Due Process Model (Packer, 1968)
Prioritises the interests of the individual suspect who is confronted by the mighty power of the State.
Hughes, 2001 - defining crime prevention:
“Any action taken or
technique employed by private individuals or public agencies aimed at
the reduction of damage caused by acts defined as criminal by the state”
Policy initiatives from 2011:
The Serious and Organised Crime Strategy, 2015
Key local initiatives include:
- Community triggers - allows victims of persistent anti-social behaviour to request a formal case review if they feel their complaints have not been adequately addressed.
- Community Safety Partnerships.
- Police and Crime Commissioners.
Policy initiatives from 2011 (2)
Main focus area:
- Human Trafficking
- Drug Trafficking
- Fraud
- Cybercrime
Strategy operates on multiple connected levels:
- Micro level
- Macro level
NRM, SLCM
National Referral Mechanism:
- The UK framework for identifying and supporting victims of human trafficking and modern slavery.
Street-Level Crime Maps:
- Allow people to see what crimes are happening in their area. Help increase transparency and public awareness
Clare Wood Case, 2009
- Clare was murdered by her ex-partner, George Appleton, who had a history of violence against women.
- Was unaware of his violent past.
- Her father campaigned for change, leading to the Domestic Violence Disclosure Scheme, 2014
(Clare’s Law)
CSPs, ASB
Community Safety Partnerships - involve multiple people working together:
- Police, local authorities, fire and rescue.
- Probation services, health, education.
- Charities and community organisations.
Anti-Social Behaviour focus:
- Defined as behaviour causing harassment, alarm or distress.
- Seen as potential gateway to more serious crime.
- Include aggressive, intimidating and destructive behaviour.
- Damages others’ quality of life.
Hate crime legislation, banning orders and scrap metal industry reform:
HCL - Protects against violence motivated by: disability, gender identity, race, etc…
BO - Primarily used in football to prevent known troublemakers from attending matches, used in night-time economy (e.g. pubwatch)
SMIF - banned cash payments for scrap metal, etc…
The Growth of Crime Prevention
- Crime prevention in the UK has evolved significantly over the past four decades through community engagement and technological advancement.
Key developments include: - Neighbourhood watch,
- CCTV
Brantingham and Faust, 1976, ‘A Conceptual Model of Crime Prevention’
Primary Crime Control Strategies:
Focus on preventing crime before it occurs by addressing root causes and environmental factors. E.g. early childhood education programs, etc…
Secondary Crime Control Strategies:
Target specific groups or areas identified as high-risk for criminal activity. E.g. CCTV installation in high-crime areas.
Tertiary Crime Control Strategies:
Focus on preventing repeat offending and managing known offenders. E.g. drug treatment courts.
Situational Crime Prevention Strategies
Aims to reduce opportunities for crime, e.g.
- Target hardening - locks, fences, passwords, car alarms, etc…
- Increased surveillance - CCTV, ring cameras, etc…
- Reduce provocation - segregate football fans, etc…
Criticisms:
- Lead to displacement.
- A culture of victim blaming - ‘why didn’t you…’
- Only treating the symptoms and not the causes.
