Lecture 4 - Cognitive Factors Flashcards
What are the 3 stages of Central processing?
Stimulus identification, response selection, response programming
How do you measure central processing
reaction time
What are two types of anticipation and how do they affect movement?
Effector anticipation = knowing how long internal process will take so that planned movement coincides with anticipated external event
Temporal anticipation = knowing when stimulus will occur
What two things does temporal anticipation rely on?
Foreperiod regularity = consistency in foreperiods
Foreperiod duration = too short, increased RT. Too long, with catch trials (no stimulus) increased RT. Aging foreperiods (no catch trials) has decreasing RT with increasing foreperiod
Give examples of benefits and costs of anticipation, and how is this experimentally identified
Quarterback, soccer goalie
Test using precue paradigm with neutral and then valid or invalid precue
List and describe the 6 different types of attention
1) Selective = filtering out specific stimuli and suppress distracters
2) sustained = maintain attention on specific task
3) divided = ability to carry out multiple tasks at same time
4) alerting = sustained attention and vigilance (increase and maintain response readiness)
5) orienting = select specific information from multiple stimuli and orient to source
6) executive = decision making, conflict resolution
What are three theories of attention
1) single channel filter = can’t multitask, fixed attention capacity, stimulus proceeds until it reaches filter, then requires attention to proceed
2) flexible allocation of capacity = can multitask, attention capacity increases to match demands of task, parallel processing
3) Action-selection = intend to obtain goal, so select action. certain processes prevented from occurring, interference not heeded because action already selected
Describe how dual task paradigms work
Assume limited capacity of information, thus, if 2 tasks exceed capacity, then we will see performance decline. If performance declines, can assume that they compete for same class of information processing resources
What is the difference between structural and capacity interference?
Structural=physical structures cause for decline
capacity= limited capacity causes decline in performance
Describe a dual task paradigm
Standing balance. Visual tracking, when perturbation applied, APR (automatic postural response) occurs, and then during the later stage of response, there is a deviation in tracking, showing that the response was complex enough to exceed capacity
How does dual tasking affect walking
decrease gait speed
secondary task decline
difficulty with decision making
How to fix multitasking deficits
exercise, video games, exergaming
What is the difference between arousal and anxiety?
Arousal = internal state of alertness/excitement Anxiety = impact of arousal
What is the relationship between arousal and performance?
Inverted U, want middling levels of arousal
What is the reverse hypothesis
How we interpret arousal dictates how it affects performance
How do threats affect motor performance
also sway
more cautious, slower, gaze fixation strategies focus closer
stiffening strategy, reduce postural sway with fear
What are the two types of the stimulus identification stage
Stimulus detection = environmental stimulus transformed so neural impulses sent to brain
Clarity and duration of stimulus afffect RT
Pattern Recognition = pattern picked out of environment
can use optic flow patterns
What is the response selection stage? and what is it influenced by?
where the decision is made as to what response is selected # of S-R alternatives S-R compatibility
what is the relationship between Choice RT and # of S-R alternatives?
Hick’s Law, based on a log scale of the number of S-R alternatives
As alternatives increase, processing requires more time, and if it causes increase in choice RT, then can be seen as alternatives playing role in decision making time
Describe Hick’s Law graph
Measured in bits, where doubling the number of alternatives= increasing by 1 bit
Y-intercept = simple RT time, no decision making time needed, speed of perceptual and motor system
Slope = speed of decision making
Where does Hick’s Law break down?
Predictability
Practice/experience
relationship between stimuli and response (flashing lights and eye movement)
What is the stimulus-response compatibility
relationship between stimulus and response
high compatibility = shorter RT
Ex lift left finger when sound in left ear
used in ergonomics, human-machine interfaces
What are the three parts of the response programming stage
Retrieval of program of action
Preparation of program for activation
Movement initiation
As complexity of movement increased, reaction time increased, suggesting that programming takes longer
Accuracy and duration of movement also affects RT
What is the psychological refractory period
delay in response to second of 2 closely spaced stimuli Can't respond to 2nd stimulus until initiation of response to first stimulus If SOA (stimulus onset asynchrony) is greater than time to initiate first response, then do not see the PRP If very short SOA, then 2 stimuli treated as single complex event
What moderates the PRP
Practice, complexity of 1st stimulus, S-R compatability
What are the three types of movement memory
1) sensory memory = very short lasting
2) short term = working memory (storing numbers/words/spatial locations)
3) long-term memory = permanent
