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Radiology > Lecture 4 (Chapter 1-2) History and Properties of the X-rays > Flashcards

Lecture 4 (Chapter 1-2) History and Properties of the X-rays Flashcards

1
Q

Fluorescence

A

An emission of light by a substance exposed to various kinds of stimuli

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2
Q

Photographic Effect

A

We can produce the latent image into a visible image

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3
Q

Penetrating and Invisible

A

Can penetrate matter and cannot be seen

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4
Q

Ionizing

A

Ability to alter atoms of matter by removing an electron from an atom. Can have biological effects (cell damage or death)

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5
Q

Electrically Neutral

A

Not affected by magnetic or electric fields

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6
Q

Who created the first x-ray in 1895?

A

Dr. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

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7
Q

Atoms

A

smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of the element.

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8
Q

The nucleus of the atom contains _____ and ____ subatomic particles

A

protons, neutrons

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9
Q

Radiation

A

Process by which energy wavelengths in the form of heat, light or rays are sent out of atoms and molecules as they undero internal change

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10
Q

X-rays are produced…?

A

produced when fast moving electrons experience sudden change in direction and/or speed

Begin at Cathode&raquo_space; Anode&raquo_space;

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11
Q

Anode

A

A metal target

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12
Q

_____% of energy created is lost in the form of heat.

A

99

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13
Q

Cathode

A

Negative electrode that has a filament coil of tungsten wire and mounted in a focusing cup made of molybdenum.

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14
Q

Thermionic emission

A

The boiling off of electrons (then ‘hang out’ in a cloud around the filament)

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15
Q

Label tubehead (p15)

A

Cathode=purple C-shape

Anode= green made of tungsten (embedded with copper)

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16
Q

Which metals used in conjunction with the anode?

A

made up tungsten and embedded in copper

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17
Q

When x-rays come from anode and leave and exit the tubehead, they pass through _____.

A

Aluminum disks

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18
Q

X-rays with _______ wavelengths are best to get a good image. They will have a higher _______.

A

shorter; frequency

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19
Q

Frequency

A

Refers to the # of wavelengths that pass a given point in a certain amount of time.

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20
Q

Wavelength

A

Defined as the distance between the crest of one wave and the crest of the next.

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21
Q

Filter

A

Controls the % of x-rays escaping through tubehead; Aluminum disks .5mm thick placed at the opening for x-ray escape; filters low energy, less penetrating, longer wavelength x-rays.

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22
Q

By law, >70 kVp eed a minimum of ____ of aluminum filter

A

2.5mm

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23
Q

By law, <70 kVp need a minimum of ____ of aluminum filter

A

1.5mm

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24
Q

Tube Head Housing

A

Glass envelope surrounding a vacuum; outer housing is metal (decrease leakage)

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25
Q

Oil

A

Between glass envelope and metal; helps absorb heat from x-ray production

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26
Q

Collimator

A

Helps limit patient exposure; Restricts the size and shape of beam; fits directly over the opening of the metal housing, where the x-rays exit.

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27
Q

Two types of collimators (can be round or rectangular)

A

Primary and secondary

28
Q

The primary collimator is made up of a _______ with a small opening

A

lead

29
Q

Beam size at the patient’s face can be no larger than _____.

A

2.75 inches

30
Q

Secondary collimator is made up of a _____ lined cylinder and directs the beam to the desired area. (Restricts radiation even more)

A

lead

31
Q

Rectangular collimation exposes approx. ____ less of a patient’s face per film.

A

60%-70%

32
Q

Activation Switch

A

Preset; maintains function only with continuous pressure.

33
Q

X-rays travel in two forms. They travel in _____ and ____radiation.

A

wavelength (what we use in clinic); particulate

34
Q

Particulate radiation

A

Beta particles, Cathode rays, Alpha particles

35
Q

X-ray photon

A

An x-ray as a bundle of energy

36
Q

Wave radiation

A

A grouping or form of traveling radiation. Without mass, travel in oscillating electric and magnetic fields. Termed “electromagnetic radiation”

37
Q

Electromagnetic radiation

A

A type of wave radiation

38
Q

Rank where x-rays fall on the wavelength spectrum from high frequency (short wavelengths) to low frequency.

A

gamma rays > X-rays > UV > Visible light > Infrared > Microwave > Radio.

39
Q

It takes ____ energy to knock an electron that is close to the nucleus compared to an electron farther away from the nucleus.

A

more

40
Q

Two types of wave radiation

A

Bremsstrahlung and Characteristic

41
Q

Bremsstrahlung Production occurs…

A

as the electron approaches the tungsten target at the anode, the (-) charged electron approachese a (+) charged nucleus. The electron gets deflected from its path and loses kinetic energy.

42
Q

Bremsstrahlung Production- the deflected electron loses _____ energy. (Brems = braking; NO COLLISION) It goes near nucleus but there is no collision

A

kinetic

43
Q

Characteristic Radiation Production (DOES HAVE COLLISION) It collides with inner shell electron

A

Incoming electron has high energy. It’s strong enough to whack electron from the inner orbital shell —- so the (e) is displaced. vacancy in the shell is filled by an (e) from an outer shell and so on…..
The x-ray energy produced is characteristic to the energy the (e) had when it was in it’s shell

44
Q

______ radiation comprises ~80% of Diagnostic radiation

A

Bremsstrahlung radiation

45
Q

______radiation comprises ~20% of Diagnostic radiation

A

Characteristic radiation

46
Q

Characteristic Radiation Production (DOES HAVE COLLISION) It collides with inner shell electron

A

Incoming electron has high energy. It’s strong enough to whack electron from the inner orbital shell —- so the (e) is displaced. vacancy in the shell is filled by an (e) from an outer shell and so on…. The “energy” left over from the electron falling into the next shell is emitted as the radiation.

47
Q

______radiation comprises ~20% of Diagnostic radiation

A

Characteristic radiation

48
Q

Velocity = _____

A

speed

49
Q

Wavelength is measured in _____ / _____

A

nanometers; meters

50
Q

Ionization - causes a (-) charged electron and a (+) charged atom to form an ______.
Atoms losing electrons are called + ions

A

ion pair

51
Q

Atoms losing electrons are called _____

A

(+) ions

52
Q

In ionization, the (+) ions usually return to a ______ state.

A

stable

53
Q

Step Down Transformer (operates 1st)

A

warms filament, < the voltage between 3-5 volts; controls the number of (e) being produced

54
Q

Kilovolt (kV)

A

measure of electrical potential-is equal to 1000 volts

55
Q

Kilovolt peak (kvp)

A

measure of maximum electrical potential in kv across an x-ray tube

56
Q

Two types of currents and what each does

A

Alternating current-flow of (e) in 2 directions; Direct current- flow of (e) in one direction

57
Q

Step Up Transformer (operates 2nd)

A

> the potential of the line current; steps up 220 volts to several thousand volts or kiloolts; steps up usually to 50-100 kv

58
Q

1 kilovolt = _______

A

1000 volts

59
Q

The kvP adjusts the _____ of the beam for better/worse images

A

quality

60
Q

Milliampere (mA)

A

Determines the # of electrons available; measures the current; usually 10-15 mA; usually linked and inversely related with time

61
Q

Milliampere (mA) = _______ampre

A

1/1000 ampre

62
Q

Thermionic emission

A

electrons are boiled off…

63
Q

The more mA, the more thermionic emission, the more free electrons, the more # x-rays; Basically it is related to ________

A

Quantity

64
Q

mA boils off or excites the (e) and results in more ______

A

quantity

65
Q

kvP controls the force of these (e) bombarding the target; results in ________of the image.

A

quality

66
Q

The process of dental x-ray production (8 steps)

A
  1. Electricity from the wall outlet supplies the power to generate x-rays. When x-ray machine turned on, current enters the control panel and travels to tubehead through the wires in the extension arm.
    2.

Radiology (8 decks)

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