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Bio II > Lecture 4: Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the most abundant class of biomolecules on earth?

A

carbohydrates

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2
Q

What is “the mass” that we find in nature?

A

biomass

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3
Q

By which process is most of biomass produced?

A

photosythesis

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4
Q
A

cellulose in plants

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5
Q

What are the five functions of carbohydrates in cells?

A
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6
Q

Give 6 examples of the most common carbohydrates.

A
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7
Q

For each describe its function and the organisms that use this carbohydrate.

A

Sucrose: source of energy (animals and plants); transport of sugars through pholem (plants)

Starch: long term energy storage (plants)

Glycogen: short term energy storage (animals)

Cellulose: Structural component of cell wall (plants, algea and some bacterias)

Chitin: component of exoskeleton (insects and crustaceans); cell wall (fungi, protists)

Peptidoglycan: cell wall of bacteria

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8
Q

What four forms of structure can carbohydrates be in?

A
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9
Q

Which elements do sugars contain?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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10
Q

What is the general structure of monosaccharides?

A

repeating units of CH2O (but just one is too small to be a sugar)

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11
Q

How many CH2O units does the smallest sugars have?

A

3

ex: 3x( CH2O ) = C3H6O3

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12
Q

What are formulas of ribose and deoxyribose?

A
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13
Q

In what four ways can carbohydrates vary?

A
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14
Q

How many type of “carbonyl location” is there and how are they called?

A

2

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15
Q

How are carbohydrates called depending on the number of carbon there is in their formula?

A

greek prefix + -ose

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16
Q

Which type of isomers are these?

A

stereoisomers

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17
Q

Stereoisomers have different ________ of the atoms and ________.

A

spatial arrangement; different biological properties

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18
Q

How many isomers does glucose have and how do you calculate it?

A

2^n

n= # of chiral carbon (4 diff bonds)

glucose has 2 chiral carbons: 4 isomers

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19
Q

In what conditions do large monosaccharides form ring structures?

A

in aqueous solutions

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20
Q

What is the other structure than ring structure?

A

linear

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21
Q

What are the functions of monosccharides?

A
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22
Q

Why does this molecule have high chemical energy?

A

The electrons from non-polar bonds , brought to lower energy levels are the ones to carry reactions

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23
Q

What is a dissacharide?

A

Comprised of two monosaccharide monomers (same or different).

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24
Q

How is the covalent bond between two monosaccharides called?

A

glycosidic linkage

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25
Q

How can the type of bond vary in disaccharides?

A

based on carbons involved and spatial arrangement of the bond

26
Q

What kind of reaction are these?

A

Dehydration Synthesis

(one loses an OH and the other an H and produces water)

Synthesis of a new sugar

27
Q

What is the difference between sucrose, lactose and maltose?

A
28
Q

What are general functions of disaccharides?

A
29
Q

How is sucrose produced and stored?

A

Stored as starch

Sucrose is produced in the photosynthetic tissues of plants and transported into non- photosynthetic tissues.

30
Q

How is lactose produced and its function?

A
31
Q

What is lactose intolerance?

A
  • Individuals do not make sufficient amounts of the hydrolytic enzyme lactase.
  • Lactose passes through the small intestine and is undigested.
  • Lactose gets digested by microorganisms in the large intestine and leads to bloating and cramps.
32
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

polymers of monosaccharide monomers.

33
Q

What are structural types of polysaccharides?

A
34
Q

Are monomers in a polysaccharides necessarily the same?

A

no, they can be the same or different

35
Q

Are all bonds in polysaccharides the same type?

A

no, they can vary

36
Q

What are the two functional classes of polysaccharides? Give an example of each

A

Storage carbohydrates: Store energy (starch)

Structural carbohydrates: provide support and protection (cellulose)

37
Q

Why are starch and glycogen efficient energy storage molecules?

A

A. They are compact: a- linkages produce helical chains and the chains can branch.

B. They are easily hydrolyzed: a-linkages can be easily broken by hydrolysis when the appropriate enzymes are present. Enzymes are abundant in life.

38
Q

What is similar and different about starch and glycogen’s structures?

A

same: both alpha glucose with alpha-1,4-glycosidic linkage

branching linkage also the same: alpha-1,6-glycosidic linkages

different: branching structure

39
Q

What are structural characteristics of glucose polymers with alpha-1,4-glycosidic linkages?

A

they are highly helical and can branch

40
Q

Why are cellulose, chitin and peptidoglycan efficient structural molecules?

A

A. They are linear and can interact to form higher-order structures.

B. They are resistant to hydrolysis: b-linkages are not easily broken down by hydrolysis since the higher order structures produced exclude water. Few organisms possess the necessary enzymes.

41
Q

What are structural-function relations for beta-linkages?

A

function= structure of plants (need to be solid)

Structure= long high-order structures harder to break by hydrolysis

42
Q

What are structural features of products from beta-linkages?

A

b-linkages produce straight chains and with no branching

43
Q

What are characteristics of glucose polymers with beta-1,4-glycosidic linkages?

A

they are linear and can interact with each other to form bigger structures

44
Q

Where do dietary fibers come from?

A

Cellulose and other indigestible fibrous material from plants provide us with dietary fiber.

45
Q

Is fiber soluble?

A

Some fiber is soluble while other forms are insoluble.

46
Q

What are the benefices of a high-fiber diet?

A

A. Keep your digestive system working well.
B. Maintain a healthy weight.
C. Prevent disease such as diabetes mellitus, heart disease, and cancer.

47
Q

What is glycosylation?

A

adding sugar to proteins

48
Q

What are oligosaccharides?

A

small chains of monosaccharides

49
Q

What is it called when proteins or lipids are joined with oligosaccharides by covalent bonds?

A

glycoproteins and glycolipids

50
Q

Where does glycosylation happen?

A

In the endomembrane system

51
Q

What are the functions of the endomembrane system

A

transportation (proteins to outside)

building of membrane (proteins into membrane)

52
Q

What type of proteins are most membrane proteins and secreted proteins?

A

glycoproteins

53
Q

Compare membrane glycoproteins and secreted glycoproteins.

A
54
Q

What determines blood groups?

A

specific glycoproteins expressed at the surface of red blood cells.

55
Q

What is hypoglycemia?

A

it is the technical term for low blood sugar

56
Q

What is a result of low blood glucose?

A

Low blood glucose can starve brain cells and impair brain function. Can lead to unconsciousness, seizures, and permanent brain damage.

57
Q

What is hyperglycemia?

A

technical term for high blood sugar

58
Q

What is a result of high blood glucose?

A

High blood glucose levels can damage your blood vessels, nerves,
heart, eyes, and kidneys. Can lead to dehydration.

59
Q

What are the components of blood glucose homeostasis?

A
60
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A
  • Condition caused by abnormal homeostatic mechanism.
  • Unable to bring glucose levels down into the normal (set-point) range because of abnormal insulin activity.
61
Q

What is the difference between the two types of diabetes?

A

Bio II (21 decks)

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