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Bio II > Lecture 12: Energy Metabolism > Flashcards

Lecture 12: Energy Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of reactions do energy metabolism involve?

A

catabolic reactions

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2
Q

What are catabolic pathways?

A

Breakdown of macromolecules from food or storage.

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3
Q

What are two reasons why catabolic reactions are necessary in cells?

A

Reason 1: Produce building blocks to make other organic molecules.
Reason 2: Produce energy carriers to power cellular work.

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4
Q

What are energy carriers?

A

nucleoside triphosphates (e.g., ATP)
and electron carriers (e.g., NAD)

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5
Q

(review) What are three main type of work that a cell needs to carry out?

A
  1. Synthesis
  2. Movement
  3. Transport
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6
Q

How do energy carriers power cellular work?

A

by coupling endergonic processes to exergonic processes.

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7
Q

Most energy coupling in cells is mediated by the hydrolysis of _____ .

A

ATP

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8
Q

Can ATP be reused? How do you name this type of ressource?

A

Yes, ATP is a renewable resource.

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9
Q

Illustrate the regeneration of ATP

A
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10
Q

What are the three ways ATP can be made?

A
  1. Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
  2. Oxidative Phosphorylation (in cellular respiration)
  3. Photophosphorylation (in photosynthesis ;covered later)
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11
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

Enzyme directly transfers a phosphate from a higher energy phosphorylated molecule (such as phosphoenolpyruvic acid) to ADP to form ATP.

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12
Q

What is oxidative Phosphorylation?

A

H+ electrochemical gradient is used to make ATP from ADP and Pi by ATP synthase.

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13
Q

What established the H+ electrochemical gradient necessary for ATP synthesis in oxydative phosphorylation?

A

by spontaneous redox reactions in an electron transport chain (ETC)

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14
Q

Where do the electrons necessary for ATP synthesis in oxydative phosphorylation come from?

A

From Energy (electron) carriers NADH and FADH2 that act as electron donors to the chain.

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15
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation happen?

A

during cellular respiration, in the mitochondrion’s mitochondrial matrix and intermembrane space

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16
Q

What is phosphorylation potential?

A

likelihood to transfer their phosphate group to another molecule.

based on the ΔG of the hydrolysis reaction (release of inorganic phosphate).

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17
Q

Where is ATP in the overall phosphorylation potential spectrum?

A

ATP occupies an intermediate position in the overall spectrum

ATP can serve as a phosphate donor in some biological reactions and its dephosphorylated form, ADP, can serve as a phosphate acceptor in other reactions

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18
Q

How do you determine if a phosphorylated molecule can transfer a phosphate group to another molecule?

A

Phosphorylated molecules readily transfer a phosphate group to other molecules with a lower phosphorylation potential.

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19
Q

Why is ATP’s standard free energies of hydrolysis not too high and not too low?

A

Because it can couple with low energy reactions to make them exergonic but is lower enough so it can be regenerated

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20
Q

The more the standard free energy of hydrolysis for phosphorylated compounds is _________, the _______ is it’s phosphorylation potential.

A

exergonic (negative)

higher

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21
Q

Is ΔG of hydrolysis positive or negative?

A

negative

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22
Q

What are another type of energy carrier other than ATP in cells?

A

electron carriers

23
Q

Is transfer of electrons by electron carriers to other molecules endergonic or exergonic?

A

exergonic

24
Q

What type of reaction is transfer of electrons?

A

redox reaction

25
Q

Why do we call electron carriers “energy carriers”?

A

The energy released by electron transfer is used to power cellular work.

26
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

Reduction–oxidation reactions (redox reactions) are chemical reactions that involve electron transfers.

27
Q

In redox reactions, can electrons get lost?

A

no since oxidation and reduction events are always coupled—if one atom loses an electron, another atom has to gain it.

Electron donors are always paired with electron acceptors.

28
Q

A molecule or an atom is _______ [reduced/oxidized] when it gains an electron.

A

reduced

29
Q

A molecule or an atom is _______ [reduced/oxidized] when it loses an electron.

A

oxidized

30
Q

What is a complete electron transfer?

A

When electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another during a redox reaction

31
Q

What is a relative electron transfer? What does this do to the reactants and products energy levels? (card to be verified)

A

During a redox reaction, electrons can simply shift their position in covalent bonds.

These shifts in electron position change the amount of chemical energy in products and reactants.

32
Q

Which metabolic process is this?

A

photosynthesis

33
Q

Is a reduced molecule higher or lower in energy than its unreduced form? Why?

A

The reduced molecule has more C-H bonds and higher chemical energy.

Reducing carbon requires energy.

34
Q

What accompanies each electron when transferred, during redox reactions?

A
  • Each electron transfer from one molecule to another during
    a redox reaction is usually accompanied by a proton (H+).
35
Q

What process is this?

A

cellular respiration

36
Q

Do electron carrier have high or low energy?

A

high

37
Q

What do transfer of electrons by electron carriers to
acceptor molecules are used for?

A

to drive endergonic
processes:
A. Synthesis work
B. Transport work

38
Q

What are the two most important electron carriers in energy metabolism?

A

the nucleotide coenzymes NAD and FAD.

39
Q

NADH is the ________ [reduced/oxidized] form while NAD+ is the ________ [reduced/oxidized] form of NAD.

A

reduced; oxidized

40
Q

Is NAD+ or NADH the electron carrier?

A
  • NADH is an electron carrier.
  • NADH is the reduced form while NAD+ is the oxidized form of NAD.
41
Q

What does NAD stand for?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

42
Q

What does FAD stand for?

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

43
Q

FADH2 is the ________ [reduced/oxidized] form while FAD is the ________ [reduced/oxidized] form of FAD.

A

reduced; oxydized

44
Q

Where do NADH and FADH stand on the overall spectrum of reduction potential among molecules?

A

intermediate position:

The reduced forms can serve as an electron donors in some biological reactions and the oxidized forms can serve as an electron acceptors in other reactions.

45
Q

What is another name for reduction potential?

A

reducing power

46
Q

What is reduction potential?

A

likelihood to transfer their electron(s) to another molecule.

47
Q

What is reduction potential based on?

A

the ΔG of the redox reaction

48
Q

How do you tell if an electron carrier will transfer its electrons to another molecule?

A

Electron carriers readily transfer electrons to other molecules with a lower reduction potential.

49
Q

What is non-biological oxidation?

A

Oxidation of glucose by combustion would release energy but that energy would be lost as heat and light.

50
Q

What is biological reduction?

A

reduced organic molecules are oxidized in a series of steps of redox reactions

51
Q

How are high energy electrons controlled in biological oxidation?

A

High energy electrons from the series of redox reactions are transferred to NAD+ to produce NADH or FAD to produce FADH2.

There is controlled release of energy “by the electrons” for the synthesis of ATP

52
Q

In what process does stored energy by each reduced electron carrier is used?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

53
Q

How efficient is the capture of total energy from glucose in cellular respiration?

A

in cellular respiration is about 30-40% efficient

Bio II (21 decks)

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