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Biochemistry 1 Lecture > Lecture 4: Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

simplest carbohydrates are small, monomeric

molecules—

A

the monosaccharides

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2
Q

how many monosaccharides are in oligosaccharides

A

2-10

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3
Q

true or false: maltose is a disaccharide

A

true

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4
Q

what are polysaccharides

A

long polymers of monosaccharides

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5
Q

oligosaccharides and polysaccharides are also referred to as __

A

glycans

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6
Q

Carbohydrates are represented by a stoichiometric formula ____

A

(CH2O)n

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7
Q

Carbohydrates are named that way bc ___

A

chemists knew
only the stoichiometry of saccharides and thought of
them as “hydrated carbon.”

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8
Q

what is the major energy cycle of life

A

photosynthesis and respiration

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9
Q

write the photosynthesis and respiration equation

A

check notes

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10
Q

the term ____ is reserved for compounds with the (CH2O)n empirical
formula,

A

carbohydrate

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11
Q

the term ___ covers both these

compounds and all derivatives of carbohydrates

A

saccharide

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12
Q

The term ____ generally refers to underivatized

monosaccharides and small oligosaccharides

A

sugar

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13
Q

Sucrose is a disaccharide containing: ___ and __

A

glucose and fructose

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14
Q

List carbohydrates roles (7)

A
  • energy storage and generation
  • molecular recognition
  • cellular protection
  • cell signalling
  • cell adhesion
  • biological lubrication
  • protein trafficking
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15
Q

How does carbohyadrate molecular recognition work?

A

*check ntbk notes

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16
Q

How does carbohyadrate Cellular protection work?

A

*check ntbk notes

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17
Q

How does carbohyadrate Cellular signalling work?

A

*check ntbk notes

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18
Q

How does carbohyadrate Cellular adhesion work?

A

*check ntbk notes

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19
Q

How does carbohyadrate biological lubrication work?

A

*check ntbk notes

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20
Q

How does carbohyadrate protein trafficking work?

A

*check ntbk notes

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21
Q

the smallest monosaccharide is ___ with n=3

A

triose

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22
Q

Monosaccharides are generally characterized by the presence
of _____ and one or more
hydroxyl groups.

A

one carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone)

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23
Q

What are the two trioses? what are their difference? Whats the relationship between the two?

A

There are two trioses: glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone;

one is an aldose, the other is a ketose. They are tautomers

24
Q

Whats the other name for glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone

A

aldotriose

and ketotriose,

25
Q

what are enantiomers?

A

nonsuperimposable mirror images

26
Q

The most compact way to represent enantiomers is to use a ___

A

Fischer

projection.

27
Q

the terms d and l were meant to indicate the ______ of polarized light: d for __),
l for __).

A

direction of rotation

of the plane of polarization; dextro-right; levo-left

28
Q

List the disadvantages of D-L writing system

A
  • this correspondence does not always hold because the magnitude and even the direction of optical rotation are a complicated function of the electronic structure surrounding the chiral center
  • it is not absolute; the designation is always with respect to some reference compound.
29
Q

What is the other proposed convention for writing enantiomers?

A

R-S nomenclature ; Cahn-Ingold-Prelog System

30
Q

What is the hierarchy for prioritization in R-S nomenclature

A

SH 7 OR 7 OH 7 NH2 7 CO2H 7 CHO 7 CH2OH 7

CH3 7 H. ;;7=>

31
Q

R is when it is ___; S is when it is ___

A

clockwise; counterclockwise

32
Q

What are diastereomers?

A

they have more than 1 chiral carbon

33
Q

What are tetroses?

A

they with the empirical formula (CH2O)4, have two chiral carbons
in the aldose

34
Q

In general, a molecule with n chiral centers

will have __ stereoisomers

A

2^n

35
Q

The prefix d or l is used to designate the orientation about

the chiral carbon __ from the carbonyl group

A

farthest

36
Q

What are the tetrose sugars?

A

erhythrose and threrose (aldose); erythrulose (ketose)

37
Q

how many chiral centers does aldotetrose have

A

2

38
Q

how many chiral centers does ketotetrose have

A

1

39
Q

how many chiral centers does ketopentrose have

A

2

40
Q

how many chiral centers does aldopentrose have

A

3

41
Q

Draw all of the structures, from tetroses to hexoses. both aldose and ketose

A

check notes

42
Q

___ is a 5 membered ring structure derived from the reaction of C-1 of D-ribose and C-4 hydroxyl

A

furanose

43
Q

furanose is similar with ___

A

furan

44
Q

__ is if C-1 reacts with the C-5 hydroxyl. it is a 6-membered ring

A

pyranose

45
Q

pyranose is similar with ___

A

pyran

46
Q

What influences for the monomers to form which type of ring?

A
  • depends on the particular sugar structure,
  • pH
  • solvent
  • temperature
  • if incorporated w polysaccharides, it might be influenced
47
Q

Cyclization has created a new asymmetric center at carbon __

A

1

48
Q

What are anomers?

A

differing in configuration

only at the carbonyl carbon

49
Q

What is the process that The monosaccharides
can undergo interconversion between the a and b forms, using the
open-chain structure as an intermediate.

A

mutarotation

50
Q

What are conformational isomers?

A

interchange by a simple deformation of the molecule.

51
Q

What are configurational isomers ?

A

can interconvert only through the breaking and re-formation of covalent bonds.

52
Q

True or false: In general, hexoses prefer funarnose than pyranose

A

hexoses prefer the pyranose ring structure when in aqueous solution.

53
Q

What are epimers?

A

only differs at one C atom

54
Q

What C atom are glucose and mannose differ?

A

C2

55
Q

What C atom are glucose and galactose differ?

A

C4

56
Q

What is the role of that one heptose?

A

Sedoheptulose plays a major role in the fixation

of CO2 in photosynthesis

Biochemistry 1 Lecture (4 decks)

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