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Pharmacology > Lecture 4 - Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Why study the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • homeostasis (tightly controlled internal environment)
  • drug actions
  • drug side effects
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2
Q

Explain the nervous system tree

A

NS:

  • CNS
  • PNS

PNS:

  • motor nerves
  • sensory nerves

Motor nerves:

  • autonomic (movement of smooth muscles ex. intestines)
  • somatic (movement of skeletal muscles)

Autonomic NS:

  • parasympathetic
  • enteric
  • sympathetic

*we will be focusing on parasympathetic/sympathetic!!

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3
Q

sensory nerves are known as ??

A

afferent nerves (info from the periphery flows into CNS)

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4
Q

motor nerves are known as ???

A

efferent (info flows from the CNS to the periphery)

-results in peripheral change (motor)

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5
Q

somatic nervous system is ___ controlled

A

consciously

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6
Q

PNS and SNS are both _____ systems

A

efferent (motor)

“visceromotor”

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7
Q

PNS and SNS involve regulation of our ____ environment

A

internal

out of our control

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8
Q

PNS and SNS both involve _ neutrons that synapse in a peripheral ganglion

A

2

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9
Q

What 3 things do the PNS and SNS innervate?

A
  • glands
  • smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
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10
Q

in daily life - vast majority = ?

A

parasympathetic

you’re relaxed, digesting, not expending energy

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11
Q

ergo tropic = ?

A

energy expenditure

*this is part of SNS

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12
Q

fight or flight = ?

A

sympathetic

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13
Q

rest and digest = ?

A

parasympathetic

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14
Q

trophotropic = ?

A

leading to growth
(energy storage)

*this is part of PNS

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15
Q

Where is SNS innervated?

A

thoracic lumbar segments

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16
Q

Where is PNS innervated?

A

cranial and sacral segments

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17
Q

T or F:

SNS - can pick and choose which organ to activate

A

False

PNS - can pick and choose which organ to activate

SNS - usually has to affect the whole body

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18
Q

If you’re in danger of dying or running from a gorilla (RIP Harambe) or crap like that = ___ activated

A

SNS

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19
Q

If you’re just chillin (like a villain) = ___ activated

A

PNS

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20
Q

SNS has ___ preganglionic axon and ___ postganglionic axon

A

short preganglionic axon

long postganglionic axon

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21
Q

PNS has ___ preganglionic axon and ___ postganglionic axon

A

long preganglionic axon

short postganglionic axon
i.e. it is right near it’s target so it can pick and choose organs ??

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22
Q

All preganglionics release ___ and are ________

A

Ach

excitatory (+)

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23
Q

Symp postganglionics release ___ and are ??

A

NE

excitatory (+) or inhibitory (-)

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24
Q

Parasymp postganglionics release ___ and are ??

A

Ach

excitatory (+) or inhibitory (-)

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25
Q

PNS targets ?

A

organs of head, neck, trunk, & external genitalia

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26
Q

SNS targets ?

A
  • organs of head, neck, trunk & external genitalia
  • adrenal medulla
  • sweat glands in skin
  • arrector muscles of hair
  • all smooth vascular smooth muscle
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27
Q

SNS is distributed where?

A

essentially all tissues (because of vascular smooth muscle)

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28
Q

PNS is distributed where?

A

only head, neck, truck, and external genitalia

-never reaches limbs or body wall (except for external genitalia)

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29
Q

____ is catabolic (expend energy)

A

SNS

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30
Q

____ is anabolic (save energy)

A

PNS

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31
Q

T or F: you can have dual innervation of many organs and have it act like a brake and accelerator to provide more control

A

TRUE

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32
Q

What would SNS do to:

heart

A

increase heart rate

increase BP

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33
Q

What would SNS do to:

blood vessels

A

blood vessels constrict and allow more blood to move to to the muscles

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34
Q

What would SNS do to:

intestine

A

inhibit digestion/absorption

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35
Q

What would SNS do to:

bladder

A 
relax bladder 
(constrict sphincter)
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36
Q

What would SNS do to:

airways

A

alveolar dilation (allow more air to get into lungs)

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37
Q

What would PNS do to:

heart

A

decrease heart rate

decrease BP

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38
Q

What would PNS do to:

blood vessels

A

blood vessels dilate
(go wherever it needs to)
-decrease BP

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39
Q

What would PNS do to:

intestine

A

stimulate digestion/absorption

40
Q

What would PNS do to:

bladder

A

constrict bladder
(allow you to pee)
sphincter relaxes

41
Q

What would PNS do to:

airways

A 
constrict airways
(save energy)
42
Q

look at slide 18

43
Q

Parasympathetic are innervated ??

A

cranial and sacral

44
Q

Sympathetic are innervated ??

A

thoracolumbar region

45
Q

What happens when a person loses sensory innervation of either the parasympathetic or sympathetic system?

A

That person now is more sensitive/responsive to any innervation or stimulation from these systems

46
Q

understand sympathetic pathways and adrenal medulla (21 to 27)

47
Q

sympathetic system has ???

A

paravertebral ganglia

48
Q

What are paravertebral ganglia?

A
  • located along sides of vertebrae

- united by preganglionics into sympathetic trunk

49
Q

preganglionic neurons of paravertebral ganglia are ______

A

thoracolumbar

50
Q

postganglionic neutrons are ____

A

cervical to coccyx

51
Q

In the sympathetic system there are _____ splanchnics and ______ splanchnics

A

cardiopulmonary

abdominopelvic

52
Q

what are cardiopulmonary splanchnics and where do they go?

A

postganglionic fibers to thoracic viscera

53
Q

what are abdominopelvic splanchnics are where do they go?

A

preganglionic fibres to prevertebral ganglia

postganglionic fibres to abdominopelvic viscera

54
Q

explain the mechanism of L-tyrosine breakdown

A

L-tyrosine

L-DOPA

dopamine

norepinephrine

epinephrine

55
Q

What does epinephrine activate?

A

sympathetic nervous system

56
Q

List the 4 types of adrenergic receptors

A

alpha 1
alpha 2
beta 1
beta 2

57
Q

What is main outcome of alpha 1 adrenergic receptor?

A

**activates protein kinase C

activates phospholipase C

increases Ca2+

58
Q

What is the main outcome of alpha 2 adrenergic receptor?

A

**inhibits production of cAMP and therefore

-reduces cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity

also increases K hyperpolarization

59
Q

What is the main outcome of beta adrenergic receptors?

A

increase cAMP and therefore

-increases cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity

60
Q

alpha 1 adrenergic receptors have what effect ?

A

smooth muscle contraction

vasoconstriction, sphincter, mydriasis

61
Q

alpha 2 adrenergic receptors have what effect ?

A

inhibits NE release
inhibits insulin release

  • *TRAITOR
  • *inhibits sympathetic action even though it is part of the sympathetic system
62
Q

beta adrenergic receptors have what effect ?

A

heart, lung, and energy regulation

-increase heart rate, contractility, bronchodilation, vasodilation, glyconeogensis, lipolysis

63
Q

anything that increases uptake ____ activity because you are removing that drug

64
Q

List the 5 sites to alter activity of a neurotransmitter

A

1) synthesis
2) storage
3) release
4) receptors
5) degradation/ termination

65
Q

What does the SNS do to:

eyes

A

pupil dilates

contraction of iris radial muscle

66
Q

What does the SNS do to:

trachea and bronchioles

A

dilate

allow more air to get in

67
Q

What does the SNS do to:

adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted

68
Q

What does the SNS do to:

kidney

A

secretion of renin

B1 increases, A1 decreases

69
Q

What does the SNS do to:

ureters and bladder

A

relaxes bladder (detrusor)

contracts sphincter (and trigone)

70
Q

What does the SNS do to:

male genitalia

A

stimulates ejaculation

71
Q

What does the SNS do to:

salivary glands

A

slows down secretions

makes them thicker

72
Q

What does the SNS do to:

heart

A

increased rate

increased contractility

73
Q

What does the SNS do to:

GI tract

A

decrease in muscle motility and tone

contraction of sphincters

74
Q

What does the SNS do to:

female genitalia

A

relaxation of uterus

75
Q 
What does the SNS do to:
blood vessels (skeletal muscle)
76
Q 
What does the SNS do to:
blood vessels (skin, mucous membranes, splanchnic area)
A

constrict (so that more blood can go to the muscles)

77
Q

What does the PNS do to:

eye

A

contraction of iris sphincter muscle
-pupil contracts

-contraction of ciliary muscle (lens accommodates for near vision)

78
Q

What does the PNS do to:

trachea and bronchioles

A

constricts (save energy)

increases secretions

79
Q

What does the PNS do to:

ureters and bladder

A 
contracts bladder (detrusor)
relaxes sphincter (and trigone)
80
Q

What does the PNS do to:

male genetalia

81
Q

What does the PNS do to:

lacrimal glands

A

stimulates tears

82
Q

What does the PNS do to:

salivary glands

A

stimulates copious, watery secretions

83
Q

What does the PNS do to:

heart

A

decrease rate

decrease contractility

84
Q

What does the PNS do to:

GI tract

A

increases muscle motility and tone

85
Q

parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neutrons are located ??

A

in the brain

*some exceptions

86
Q

Parasympathetic pathways have cranial outflow in which cranial nerves?

A

3, 7, 9, 10

vagus nerve (10) is major preganglionic parasympathetic supply to thorax and abdomen

87
Q

Parasympathetic pathways have sacral outflow of which sacral nerves

88
Q

What are the 2 types of cholinergic receptors?

A
  • nicotinic

- musarinic

89
Q

Describe nicotinic cholinergic receptors

A
  • ligand gated ion channel
  • membrane depolarization
  • all preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic
90
Q

muscarinic receptors (M1, M3, and M5) activate ??

A
  • PLC (phospholipase C)
  • increase Ca2+
  • activate protein kinase C
  • **this is the main one
91
Q

muscarinic receptors (M2, and M4) activate ??

A
  • hyper polarization
  • decrease cAMP
  • reduces cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity

also inhibits adenylate cyclase

92
Q

example of opposite effects at the same site

A

sinoatrial node

heart rate

NE (B) increases heart rate
Ach (M) decreases heart rate

93
Q

example of opposite effects at different sites

A

size of pupil of the eye

NE(alpha) increases (mydriasis - dilation of pupil)
Ach (M) decreases (mitosis - constriction of pupil)

94
Q

example of sympathetic nerves acting on parasympathetic nerve endings

A

NE (alpha) decreases Ach release in intestinal wall

95
Q

example of complementary actions between SNS and PNS

A

male genital organ

PNS = erection
SNS = ejaculation
96
Q

examples of organs that receive only one system

A

ciliary muscles of the eye- Ach

arterioles of more organs - NE

97
Q

see slides 50 and on

Pharmacology (21 decks)

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