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Pharmacology - Fall > Lecture 4 - ANS > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - ANS Flashcards

1
Q

The ANS is the most important system for ____

A

Drug effects

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2
Q

Where does info come from and go to with sensory nerves?

A

Comes from periphery and goes to spinal cord and/or CNS

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3
Q

Where does info come from and go to with motor (efferent) nerves?

A

Flows from CNS or spinal cord to periphery

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4
Q

Somatic nerves control ____ muscles

A

Skeletal

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5
Q

Autonomic nerves control ____ muscles

A

Smooth and cardiac

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6
Q

Is somatic or autonomic automatic?

A

Autonomic

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7
Q

What movements do somatic nerves control?

A

Locomotion, respiration, and posture

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8
Q

In general, what does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

Organs and glands

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9
Q

Are the symp. and para systems efferent or afferent?

A

Efferent/motor

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10
Q

Is symp control generally widespread or local?

A

Widespread

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11
Q

What does ergotropic and does it better describe the symp or para system?

A
  • Leading to energy expenditure

- Symp

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12
Q

What does trophotropic mean and does it better describe the symp or para system?

A
  • Leading to growth

- Para

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13
Q

Where do most nerves for the para system come from and what are the exceptions to this?

A
  • Most come from brain

- Exceptions are nerves for colon, rectum, bladder, and genitals

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14
Q

Symp has a ___ preganglionic axon and a ____ postganglionic axon

A

Short and long

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15
Q

Para has a ___ preganglionic axon and a ____ postganglionic axon

A

Long and short

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16
Q

Why does symp have a long postganglionic axon?

A

Because it activates everything at once and doesn’t matter if its close to the target

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17
Q

What do all preganglionics contain?

A

Acetylcholine, making them excitatory

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18
Q

What do symp postganglionics contain?

A

Norepinephrine, making them excitatory or inhibitory

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19
Q

What do para postganglionics contain?

A

Acetylcholine, making them excitatory or inhibitory

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20
Q

What determines if a nerve is excited or inhibited?

A

The receptor

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21
Q

What are the target tissues of the symp system?

A
  • Organs of head, neck, trunk, and external genitalia
  • Adrenal medulla
  • Sweat glands in skin
  • All vascular smooth muscle
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22
Q

What are the target tissues of the para system?

A

Organs of head, neck, trunk, and external genitalia

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23
Q

Does the para system ever reach limbs or the body wall?

A

Nope, except for external genitalia

24
Q

Stimulants work at stimulating the same systems as the ____ NS

A

Symp

25
Q

What is something to note about any drug that activates the symp NS?

A

Once it enters the brain, it will be a stimulant

26
Q

Where are the pre-ganglionic neurons of the symp NS located?

A

Along spinal cord

27
Q

What are the 3 adrenergic receptors?

A

1) Alpha 1
2) Alpha 2
3) Beta

28
Q

What do alpha 1 receptors do?

A
  • Activate phospholipase C
  • Increase calcium
  • Contract smooth muscle
29
Q

What do alpha 2 receptors do?

A
  • Inhibit adenylate cyclase
  • Increase potassium
  • Inhibit norepinephrine and insulin release
30
Q

What do beta receptors do?

A
  • Activate adenylate cyclase
  • Increase protein kinase activity
  • Increase heart rate and contractility, bronchodilation, vasodilation, glyconeogenesis, and lipolysis
31
Q

How do drugs that are stimulants work?

A

By increasing the uptake of norepinephrine

32
Q

Where are the pre-ganglionic neurons of the para NS located?

A

Brain stem

33
Q

What do odd-numbered muscarinic receptors do?

A
  • Activate phospholipase C causing increased calcium and protein kinase activity
  • Cause excitation (gastric release, smooth muscle, bladder)
34
Q

What do even-numbered muscarinic receptors do?

A
  • Inhibit adenylate cyclase
  • Activate potassium channels and inhibit protein kinase activity
  • Inhibition of cardiac and smooth muscle
35
Q

What is an example of when the SNS and PNS have opposite effects at the same site?

A
  • SA node

- Norepinephrine (beta) increases heart rate while acetylcholine (muscarinic) decreases it

36
Q

What is an example of when the SNS and PNS have opposite effects at different sites?

A
  • Size of pupil

- Norepinephrine (alpha) causes dilation and acetylcholine (muscarinic) causes contraction

37
Q

What is an example of when symp nerves act on para nerve endings?

A

Norepinephrine (alpha) decreases acetylcholine release in intestinal wall

38
Q

What is an example of when SNS and PNS are complementary?

A

In the male genitals, para causes erection and symp causes ejaculation

39
Q

What are 2 examples of organs that only receive SNS or PNS?

A
  • Ciliary muscle receives acetylcholine

- Arterioles of most organs only receive norepinephrine

40
Q

What is the action and receptor of the SNS in the bronchiole smooth muscle?

A
  • Action - relaxation, causing enhanced air flow

- Receptor - beta 2 adrenergic

41
Q

What is the action and receptor of the PNS in the bronchiole smooth muscle?

A
  • Action - contraction and secretion, causing decreased air flow and increased secretions
  • Receptor - muscarinic
42
Q

How would you increase air flow?

A
  • Stimulate beta 2 receptors

- Block muscarinic receptors

43
Q

What is the action and receptor of the SNS in the heart?

A
  • Action - increase heart rate and contraction force

- Receptor - beta 1

44
Q

What is the action and receptor of the PNS in the heart?

A
  • Action - decrease heart rate and contraction force

- Receptor - muscarinic

45
Q

What is the action and receptor of the SNS in blood vessels?

A
  • Contraction of skin and gut by alpha 1

- Relax skeletal muscle by beta 2

46
Q

What is the action and receptor of the PNS in gastrointestinal smooth muscle?

A
  • Relaxation of sphincters by muscarinic
  • Wall contraction by muscarinic
  • Increased secretions by muscarinic
47
Q

What is the action and receptor of the SNS in gastrointestinal smooth muscle?

A
  • Wall relaxation by beta 2
  • Sphincter contraction by alpha
  • Decreased secretions by alpha
48
Q

What is the action and receptor of the PNS in the bladder?

A

Wall contraction and sphincter relaxation (aka micturition) by muscarinic

49
Q

What is the action and receptor of the SNS in the bladder?

A
  • Wall relaxation by beta 2

- Sphincter contraction by alpha

50
Q

What is the action and receptor of the PNS in the eye?

A

Miosis (contraction) by muscarinic

51
Q

What is the action and receptor of the SNS in the eye?

A

Mydriasis (dilation) caused by alpha

52
Q

What is the baroreceptor (in the heart) response to increased blood pressure?

A

Decrease symp nerve activity and increase para nerve activity

53
Q

What is the benefit of antihistamines to the common cold?

A

Has additional blocking effects at “non-histamine” receptor

- blocks muscarinic causing drying of mucous membranes

54
Q

What are the side effects to antihistamines?

A
  • Bladder -> relax walls and constrict sphincter (trouble urinating)
  • Gut -> relax walls, constrict sphincter, and decrease secretions
55
Q

What do sympathomimetics do?

A

Increase sympathetic receptor activity

56
Q

What is the benefit of a sympathomimetic to the common cold?

A

Constricts blood vessels in the nasal mucosa

57
Q

What are side effects of sympathomimetics?

A
  • Bladder -> relax walls and constrict sphincter (trouble urinating)
  • Gut -> relax walls, constrict sphincters, and decrease secretions
  • Heart -> increase heart rate and constrict arterioles

Pharmacology - Fall (15 decks)

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