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Small Ruminants Medicine and Production > Lecture 4 and 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 and 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the meaning of abortions in the first 3 months

A

No clinical sn

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2
Q

When do abortions most often occur

A

When ewes are yarded in late pregnancy - pregancy toxaemia

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3
Q

What are the common causes of abortion in Australian sheep

A

Campylobacter abortion, toxoplasmosis
Salmonellosis, listeriosis, ‘hair shaker’ disease

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4
Q

Is Campylobacteriosis zoonotic

A

Potentially

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5
Q

How is Campylobacter transmitted

A

By ingestion
- Contaminated pastures after ewe aborted
- Most ewes throw infection of in a couple of weeks, bye a small % carry bacteria for months
- Crows and magpies can carry bacteria after ingesting aborted foetuses
- Abortion occurs within 3 weeks of the ewe coming in contact with bacteria
- Aborting ewes develop good immunity and are unlikely to abort form this causes again

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6
Q

What are the clinical signs of Campylobacteriosis

A
  • Abortion in mid to late pregnancy
  • Still births
  • Birth of premature lambs
  • Most aborting ewes show no signs of sickness
  • Ewes may retain foetal membranes and develop metritis
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7
Q

With Campylobacteriosis, what is seen in post mortem foetus

A
  • Gross lesions variable and mostly non-specific
  • Grey ‘rosette-like’ necrotic foci in foetal livers
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8
Q

How to control Campylobacteriosis

A
  • Remove ewes from suspect areas or reduce stocking rates
  • Hygiene precautions
  • Antibiotics may be valuable if valuable stud animals are at risk of infection
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9
Q

How to prevent Campylobacteriosis

A
  • Ewe joggers may be grazed on infected paddocks in order to infect them while non-pregnant
  • Vaccination
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10
Q

What is the second most common cause for abortion in sheep

A

Toxoplasmosis

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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of toxoplasmosis

A
  • Infected when not pregnant -> no clinical signs
  • If infected in early pregnancy -> no clinical signs, foetal death and resorption
  • If infected mid pregnancy -> still born or weak lamb, mummification, abortion
  • Later part of pregnancy - offspring normal
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12
Q

What is the pathology of toxoplasmosis

A

Placental cotyledons: bright to dark red with white foci of necrosis,2-3 mm in diameter; intercotyledonary areas
Mummufied foetus

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13
Q

Where to take samples for histology if expected toxoplasmosis

A

Placental cotyledons, foetal brain, liver, lung

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14
Q

How to control toxoplasmosis

A

Hygiene
Treatment of valuable ewes
Graze young stock on areas likely to be contaminated with cat faeces
Vaccination
Chemoprophylaxis

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15
Q

Is salmonellosis zoonotic

A

Yes

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16
Q

How is salmonellosis transmitted

A

Ingestion

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17
Q

Clinical signs of salmonellosis

A
  • Mortalities
  • Diarrhoea
  • Foetal death, abortions
  • Retained foetal membranes, septicaemia, high fever
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18
Q

How to diagnose salmonellosis

A

Isolation of organism from foetal stomach and placenta

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19
Q

How to treat and control salmonellosis

A
  • Separate affected animals from unaffected animals, reduce stocking rates, avoid further stresses
  • Possible antibiotics for affected animals and supportive therapy
  • No vaccine in Australia
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20
Q

How does onion grass poisoning occur

A

Ingestion of plants or fungus infesting the plant can cause abortions and infertility and staggers

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21
Q

When do ewes lose their lambs due to onion poisoning

A

Early or mid-pregnancy

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22
Q

How to prevent onion grass poisoning

A

Pasture renovation

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23
Q

Characteristics of listeriosis

A

Bacteria survive for long periods in soil and on decaying vegetation and can be present in gut of normal sheep

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24
Q

When does abortion occur with listeriosis

A

Combination of stressful conditions are present -> weakens ewe’s immunity -> bacteraemia -> bacteria in foetus and foetal membranes

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25
Q

What are the clinical signs of listeriosis

A
  • Abortion at any stage of pregnancy
  • Still births
  • Aborting ewes show generally no signs of ill health, occasionally development of reddish brown discharge after aborting
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26
Q

What would you see doing a PM with listeriosis

A
  • Rapid autolysis
  • Multiple yellow-white foci, less than 2mm in diameter, in foetal liver
27
Q

Prevention of listeriosis

A

Fedd good quality silage

28
Q

What is border disease

A

Hairy shaker disease

29
Q

How is ovine pestivirus trasnmitted

A

Mucous membranes
- Close contact needed
- Some sheep do not throw off the virus
- ‘Hairy shaker’ lambs that survive are especially likely to become carriers
- Virus cannot survive on pastures for more than a few days

30
Q

What are the clinical signs of ovine pestivirus

A
  • If infected when not pregnant - may develop mild fever, develop immunity
  • If infected before D50 - foetal death: resorption, abortion, aborting ewes show no signs of sickness
    If infected during between D50-80 - outcome variable
  • Foetal death and abortion
  • Birth of dead or live lambs with hairy coats and varying degrees hypomyelinogenesis, cerebellar and cerebral dysgenesis, arthrogeryposis, kyphosis, brachygnathia - persistently infected with virus; no antibody detectable
  • If infected after D85: foetal death rare, weak or normal lambs with antibody to virus; no virus detectable
31
Q

Diagnosis of ovine pestivirus

A
  • Clinical signs/pathology
  • Virus isolation
  • Histopathology foetal nervous system
32
Q

How to control ovine pestivirus

A
  • Identification and removal of carrier animals
  • Slaughter this year’s lamb crop
  • In endemically infected flocks, expose breeding animals early in life when not pregnant
33
Q

How to prevent ovine pestivirus

A

Maintain a closed herd, vaccination

34
Q

What are asymptomatic carriers of coxiella brunetti

A

Sheep, goats, cattle

35
Q

What can Q-fever cause in sheep and goats

A

Abortions and birth of stillborn and weak, live lambs

36
Q

How to diagnose coxiella brunetti

A

Identification of agent, serology

37
Q

Is coxiella brunetti zoonotic

A

Yes

38
Q

How is coxiella brunetti transmitted

A

Infection is transmitted by inhalation of aerosols or dust contaminated with coxiella brunetti from infected sheep/goat or through direct contact with infected animals, their birth products or the

39
Q

What are the clinical signs of Q-fever: Acute form

A
  • Incubation period 14-21 days
  • Fever, chills, sweat. headache, muscle pain, painful joints, fatigue, nausea, aversion to light, weight loss
  • Without treatment, recurrent bouts of disease possible
  • Respond all on ab treatment
40
Q

What are the clinical signs of Q-fever: Chronic form

A
  • Occasionally, chronic Q-fever with possible complications such as endocarditis
  • Requires prolonged ab treatment
  • Placentitis
41
Q

How to prevent Q-fever in humans

A
  • Vaccination
  • Personal hygiene when handling foetal membranes or aborted foetus
42
Q

What are the clinical signs of enzootic abortion of ewes

A
  • Abortion in last 3 weeks of pregnancy
  • Stillborn lambs and weak lambs
  • Can affect up to 30% of ewes in previously uninfected flocks
  • Subclinical
  • Respiratory infection
  • Pregnant women: abortion, stillbirth
43
Q

What is the epidemiology of enzootic abortion of ewes

A
  • Major source of infection is infected placenta and uterine discharge of aborting
  • Transmission of infection is via ingestion or inhalation of contaminated dust or fluid droplets
  • Infection during late pregnancy will lead to latent infections and ewe will abort in next pregnancy
    -Ewe lamb also can acquire latent infection and will abort during their first pregnancy
  • Aborting ewes remain chronically infected but do not abort again
  • Humans can become infected by handling infects placentas or dead lambs
44
Q

How do diagnose enzoonotic abortion of ewes

A

History, CS, post-mortem, identification of agent

45
Q

How to control enzoonotic abortion of ewes

A
  • Hygiene measures, ewes usually immune after abortion
  • Vaccine available overseas
46
Q

What is the epidemiology of Schmallenberg virus

A
  • Transmission of infection by insect vector then vertically in utero
  • Incubation period 1-4 days
  • Short viaemic period
47
Q

What does pregnancy toxaemia cause

A

Lambing sickness, twin lambing disease

48
Q

Explain the process of pregnancy toxaemia

A

Late pregnancy -> very high energy requirements -> often exceed what is available in feed -> utilise body reserves -> loss of condition ->metabolic overload

49
Q

What are the clinical signs of pregnancy toxaemia

A

Dullness, loss of appetite, lags behind the mob when driven -> separation from the group, does not respond when approached, appear blind, if forced to move will stagger and stumble and go down -> Ewe will become recumbent, may stargaze, sink in a coma and die -> clinical signs usually progress over a period of 2-7 days

50
Q

What would you see PM with pregnancy toxaemia

A
  • Uterus usually contains two or more developed foetuses
  • Liver is pale, fatty, swollen and quiet soft
  • The adrenal glands may be enlarged
  • Histopathology - liver/brain
51
Q

Clinical pathology of pregnancy toxaemia

A

Hypoglycaemia
Ketonemie/ketonurie

52
Q

Treatment for pregnancy toxaemia

A

Glucose therapy/fluid therapy
Cortocosteroids
Caesarian section

53
Q

Prevention of pregnancy toxaemia

A
  • Match energy requirements with feed
  • Monitor body weird and condition score
  • Target CS of 3-3.5
  • Supplementary feed if needed
  • Keep handling and holding of feed in late pregnancy to minimum
  • Cull ewes with broken mouths
54
Q

Clinical signs of pregnancy toxaemia in goats

A

Lose appetite, become dull and wander aimlessly, go down, sink into coma and die

55
Q

What triggers hyocalcaemia

A

Stress factor - sided reduction in calcium intake - ewes on lush pastures or oat crops in later winter after drought
- Low dietary calcium intake and depletion bone reserves from grain feeding during preceding months

56
Q

Clinical signs go hypocalcaemia

A

Initially affected ewes become isolated and have a stiff gait with muscle tremors
Soon ewes become weak and remain recumbent, often ‘head to flank’ sternal recumbency, struggle when handled, but unable to get up

57
Q

How to treat hypocalcaemia

A

Calcium borogluconate - 50ml 40% solution IV or SC

58
Q

How to prevent hypocalcaemia

A
  • Avoid stress in late pregnancy or early lactation
  • Keep time in yards to a minimum
  • Add 1.5% lime stone as calcium supplement when feeding grain
  • Avoid access to plant high in oxalates
59
Q

What does hypomagneseia cause

A

Grass tetany; occurs where cerebrospinal fluid Mg levels fall below normal

60
Q

What is hypomagnesemia often complicated by

A

Low blood Ca levels

61
Q

What causes hypomagnesemia

A

Lush grass dominant pastures or rapidly growing fodder crops during late winter are low in Mg and pose a grass tetany risk
Mg is actively absorbed through rumen wall and can be affected by other factors, such as potassium concentrate

62
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypomagnesemia

A

Often found death in paddock
Ataxia, muscle tremors, titanic signs
Collapse, convulsions and sever limb paddling, forth at mouth
Death within 4-6 horse

63
Q

Treatment of hypomagnesemia

A

ASAP
Magnesium + calcium IV/SC therapy followed by SC magnesium salts
Relapse possible, keep under farmer observation, retreat if necessary

64
Q

Prevention of hypomagnesemia

A

Keep tree handling to minimum in first weeks of lactation
Provide hay and water if yarded overnight
Hay with magnesium oxide

Small Ruminants Medicine and Production (6 decks)

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