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Small Ruminants Medicine and Production > Lecture 2 and 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 and 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are examples of reproductive losses

A
  • Oestrus behaviour
  • Low ovulation rate
  • Fertilisation failure
  • Embryonic mortality
  • Abortion
  • Perinatal lamb losses
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2
Q

For fertility investigations what is examples of prospective

A
  • Pre-joining: ewe - BCS, nutrition
  • Pre-joining: ram - breeding soundness examination
  • Harnesses/crayons during joining/after joining
  • Mid-pregnancy: pregnancy testing and paddock surveillance
  • Late pregnancy: flock examination
  • Lambing: birthing issues and pick up dead lamb
  • Marking: wet/dry ewes and count lambs
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3
Q

When is oestrus displayed

A

Every 16-17 days

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4
Q

What influences breeding season

A

Breed and age

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5
Q

How long does oestrus last

A

24 hours

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6
Q

What can affect oestrus

A

Stress and severe weather

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7
Q

What is the ram effect

A

Oestrus peaks between days 19-25 after introduction of ram

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8
Q

What is the intravaginal progestogen treatment and equine chorionic gonadotrophin

A

Progestogen-impregnated vaginal sponge
- Inserted in vagina for 12-14 days -> high progesterone levels -> when device removed -> collapse progesterone levels gonadotropin hormones increase -> oestrus occurs 36 hours later
eCG
- 250-1000 IU IM at time of sponge removal

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9
Q

How can you manipulate the onset of oestrus

A
  1. Ram effect
  2. Intravaginal progestogen treatment + chronic gonadotropin
  3. Photoperiod control (artificial day length manipulation)
  4. Melatonin (orally or implant)
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10
Q

What is ovulation influenced by

A

Time in the breeding season

Body weight and plane of nutrition

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11
Q

What the target condition score for joining

A

3

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12
Q

What is ovulation rate influenced by

A 
Age 
Genetic factors 
Lucerne pasture 
Mycotoxins 
Pre-joining parasitic burdens of ewes
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13
Q

What is failure of fertility usually due to

A 
Ram infertility 
Ewe infertility 
Other factors 
- Ram % 
- Choice of mating paddock 
- Length joining period
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14
Q

What is the most important factor in production

A

Nutrition

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15
Q

Why don’t you sheer animals prior to mating

A

The males don’t like the smell

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16
Q

What is an advantage of intravaginal progestogen treatment and equine chorionic gonadotrophin

A

Synchronisation of oestrus

Hormonal induction of oestrus outside breeding season

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17
Q

What is key to high lambing %

A

High ovulation rates are key

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18
Q

What is seen with a decreased condition score at joining

A

Decreased twins not necessarily lower pregnancy rates

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19
Q

When is time of joining

A

Determined by seasonal rainfall patterns

- Lambing needs to coincide with he time of the year when good quality fees is most likely to be available

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20
Q

When do merino rams perform well

A

At all times of the year

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21
Q

What is included in ram breeding soundness examination

A
  1. Check all rams 10-12 weeks prior to joining
  2. Pre-sale/post-purchase
  3. History
  4. TTTTT - teeth, toes, torso, testicle, tussle
  5. Semen quality and quantity is closely correlated with scrotal circumference
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22
Q

What are the 5 T

A 
Teeth
Toes
Torso 
Testicle 
Tossle
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23
Q

What BCS should tams be at the start of joining

A

3.5 - 4

24
Q

What is the purpose of ram breeding soundness examination

A

Identify those rams that are unsound for breeding

25
Q

What can the scrotal circumference tell us

A

Age, breed, season, nutritional status

26
Q

What to look for with the palpation of scrotum

A 
Scrotal circumference 
Resilience/firmness 
Head and body epididymis 
Spermatic cord 
Scrotum itself
27
Q

What are supplementary tests when ram breeding soundness examination

A
  • Semen collection and evaluation
  • Electro-ejaculation
  • Artificial vagina
  • Ultrasonographic examination genitalia
  • Evaluation of libido
28
Q

Conditions that may contribute to genital unsoundness in rams

A

Testes: degneration, atrophy, hypoplasia, cryptorchidism, monorchidism
Epididymis: epididmitis (brucella ovis, Actinobacillus seminis, Histophilus ovis)
Flystrike, footrot, parasite burdens, eye infections, brisket sores, arthritis, teeth problems

29
Q

What bacteria causes pizzle rot

A

Corynebacterium renale

30
Q

Who gets pizzle rot

A

Wethers -> grazing lush, clover-dominant pastures

31
Q

What is pizzle rot

A

Maybe develop when bacteria are present and high concentration of urea in urine this causes bacteria to produce ammonia -> cytotoxic -> damages pizzle membranes and external skin

32
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of pizzle rot

A
  • Ammoniac smell
  • Prepuce is typically swollen and oedematous
  • Necrotic ulcer on skin near preputial opening; lesion often covered by scab
  • Risk of secondary myiasis
33
Q

How to treat pizzle rot

A

Restrict diet - move wethers to pasture with lower clover content
Flushing pizzle with mild antisepticum
Acidify urine - ammonium chloride in water
Sitting the pizzle in sever cases

34
Q

How to prevent pizzle rot

A
  • Ringing
  • Restricted diet at certain times of the year
  • Testosterone injections
35
Q

What are the side effects of testosterone injections

A

Masculinisation, wool cuts increase, increase fibre diameter

36
Q

How does testicular degeneration happen

A

Increased testicular temperature - Hot weather, any scrotal thickening, fever, septicaemia, over-fatness, excessive wool over scrotum

37
Q

How to diagnose testicular degeneration

A

Physical examination and semen examination

38
Q

How to treat testicular degeneration

A

Shear ram, provide cool conditions

39
Q

How does ovine brucellosis affect sheep

A

The bacteria enter body though any mucous membrane -> local lymph node -> bacteraemia -> epididymis and accessory sex gland

40
Q

How do sheep get ovine brucellosis

A

Venereal disease from infected semen
- Via the ewe’s vagina, joining a ewe that has recently been served by infected ram
- Ewes do not carry infection for long - do not carry infection from year to year
Homosexual activity
- Intranasal infection when rams sniff the vulva of ewes to detect those in oestrus
- Can also occur when infected ewes have recently lambed and are excreting organisms in the vaginal discharge

41
Q

What are the clinical signs of ovine brucellosis

A
  • Initially soft swelling in the tail of epididymis, may form granulomas or develop into abscesses-> epididymis is enlarged and hard
  • Ram shows no sign of sickness
  • Semen quality from infected rams may vary from aspermia to apparently normal
  • Can be present in a flock for many years without being detected
  • Sooner detected when small number of rams or low ram/ewe ratio
42
Q

How to diagnose ovine brucellosis

A
  1. History
  2. Clinical examination - testicular palpation (tail epididymis)
  3. Blood serology
  4. Culture semen
  5. Microscopic examination fo semen
  6. Histopathology/bacteriology of genital tract
43
Q

Is there a treatment for ovine brucellosis

A

No

44
Q

How is ovine brucellosis eradicated

A
  1. Test and slaughter
  2. Total replacement
  3. Two flock system
45
Q

How to prevent ovine brucellosis

A
  • Buy rates from accredited brucellosis-free stock
  • Do not buy rams from sale yards or clearing sales
  • Do not borrow, lend, share rams
  • maintain secure boundary fences
46
Q

How does test and slaughter work

A
  • All rams are palpated and blood tested -> all rams with lesions and/or positive blood test are slaughtered
  • The remaining rams are re-tested at 3-4 weekly intervals until.a clear test is obtained
47
Q

How does total replacement work

A

Selling all rams and replacing them with brucellosis-free rams

48
Q

How does the two flock system work

A

Buy new rams and separate the, from infected ram flock. Infected ram flocks get smaller as rams get cast for age

49
Q

What sort of bacteria is Actinobacillus seminis/Histophilus sommi

A

gram -ve

50
Q

Where is Actinobacillus seminis/Histophilus sommi seen

A

Young rams following puberty

51
Q

What are the clinical signs of Actinobacillus seminis/Histophilus sommi

A

May shoe systemic symptoms in association with acute epididymitis
Granuloma epididymis; atrophy testicle and flabby

52
Q

What is Phyto-oestrogens know as

A

Clover disease

53
Q

When does phyto-oestrogens occur

A

Occurs in medium to high rainfall areas of Australia, which grazing cultivars of subterranean clover and red clover with high formonentin content

54
Q

What does photo-oestrogens cause

A

Temporary infertility
- When ewes are mashed on green osteogenic clover
- The cervical mucous increases in volume and becomes very watery
- impairs sperm transport through cervix
- Fertility returns to normal within a few weeks of removal from the pasture
Permanent infertility
-When ewes graze oestrogen clover pastures over consecutive years
- Permanent changes to epithelia of cervix and uterus
- Permanently reduced infertility

55
Q

What is the major sign of clover disease

A

Decreased lambing %

Small Ruminants Medicine and Production (6 decks)

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