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Small Ruminants Medicine and Production > Lecture 2 and 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 and 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are examples of reproductive losses

A
  • Oestrus behaviour
  • Low ovulation rate
  • Fertilisation failure
  • Embryonic mortality
  • Abortion
  • Perinatal lamb losses
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2
Q

For fertility investigations what is examples of prospective

A
  • Pre-joining: ewe - BCS, nutrition
  • Pre-joining: ram - breeding soundness examination
  • Harnesses/crayons during joining/after joining
  • Mid-pregnancy: pregnancy testing and paddock surveillance
  • Late pregnancy: flock examination
  • Lambing: birthing issues and pick up dead lamb
  • Marking: wet/dry ewes and count lambs
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3
Q

When is oestrus displayed

A

Every 16-17 days

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4
Q

What influences breeding season

A

Breed and age

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5
Q

How long does oestrus last

A

24 hours

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6
Q

What can affect oestrus

A

Stress and severe weather

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7
Q

What is the ram effect

A

Oestrus peaks between days 19-25 after introduction of ram

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8
Q

What is the intravaginal progestogen treatment and equine chorionic gonadotrophin

A

Progestogen-impregnated vaginal sponge
- Inserted in vagina for 12-14 days -> high progesterone levels -> when device removed -> collapse progesterone levels gonadotropin hormones increase -> oestrus occurs 36 hours later
eCG
- 250-1000 IU IM at time of sponge removal

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9
Q

How can you manipulate the onset of oestrus

A
  1. Ram effect
  2. Intravaginal progestogen treatment + chronic gonadotropin
  3. Photoperiod control (artificial day length manipulation)
  4. Melatonin (orally or implant)
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10
Q

What is ovulation influenced by

A

Time in the breeding season

Body weight and plane of nutrition

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11
Q

What the target condition score for joining

A

3

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12
Q

What is ovulation rate influenced by

A 
Age 
Genetic factors 
Lucerne pasture 
Mycotoxins 
Pre-joining parasitic burdens of ewes
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13
Q

What is failure of fertility usually due to

A 
Ram infertility 
Ewe infertility 
Other factors 
- Ram % 
- Choice of mating paddock 
- Length joining period
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14
Q

What is the most important factor in production

A

Nutrition

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15
Q

Why don’t you sheer animals prior to mating

A

The males don’t like the smell

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16
Q

What is an advantage of intravaginal progestogen treatment and equine chorionic gonadotrophin

A

Synchronisation of oestrus

Hormonal induction of oestrus outside breeding season

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17
Q

What is key to high lambing %

A

High ovulation rates are key

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18
Q

What is seen with a decreased condition score at joining

A

Decreased twins not necessarily lower pregnancy rates

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19
Q

When is time of joining

A

Determined by seasonal rainfall patterns

- Lambing needs to coincide with he time of the year when good quality fees is most likely to be available

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20
Q

When do merino rams perform well

A

At all times of the year

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21
Q

What is included in ram breeding soundness examination

A
  1. Check all rams 10-12 weeks prior to joining
  2. Pre-sale/post-purchase
  3. History
  4. TTTTT - teeth, toes, torso, testicle, tussle
  5. Semen quality and quantity is closely correlated with scrotal circumference
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22
Q

What are the 5 T

A 
Teeth
Toes
Torso 
Testicle 
Tossle
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23
Q

What BCS should tams be at the start of joining

24
Q

What is the purpose of ram breeding soundness examination

A

Identify those rams that are unsound for breeding

25
What can the scrotal circumference tell us
Age, breed, season, nutritional status
26
What to look for with the palpation of scrotum
``` Scrotal circumference Resilience/firmness Head and body epididymis Spermatic cord Scrotum itself ```
27
What are supplementary tests when ram breeding soundness examination
- Semen collection and evaluation - Electro-ejaculation - Artificial vagina - Ultrasonographic examination genitalia - Evaluation of libido
28
Conditions that may contribute to genital unsoundness in rams
Testes: degneration, atrophy, hypoplasia, cryptorchidism, monorchidism Epididymis: epididmitis (brucella ovis, Actinobacillus seminis, Histophilus ovis) Flystrike, footrot, parasite burdens, eye infections, brisket sores, arthritis, teeth problems
29
What bacteria causes pizzle rot
Corynebacterium renale
30
Who gets pizzle rot
Wethers -> grazing lush, clover-dominant pastures
31
What is pizzle rot
Maybe develop when bacteria are present and high concentration of urea in urine this causes bacteria to produce ammonia -> cytotoxic -> damages pizzle membranes and external skin
32
What are the clinical symptoms of pizzle rot
- Ammoniac smell - Prepuce is typically swollen and oedematous - Necrotic ulcer on skin near preputial opening; lesion often covered by scab - Risk of secondary myiasis
33
How to treat pizzle rot
Restrict diet - move wethers to pasture with lower clover content Flushing pizzle with mild antisepticum Acidify urine - ammonium chloride in water Sitting the pizzle in sever cases
34
How to prevent pizzle rot
- Ringing - Restricted diet at certain times of the year - Testosterone injections
35
What are the side effects of testosterone injections
Masculinisation, wool cuts increase, increase fibre diameter
36
How does testicular degeneration happen
Increased testicular temperature - Hot weather, any scrotal thickening, fever, septicaemia, over-fatness, excessive wool over scrotum
37
How to diagnose testicular degeneration
Physical examination and semen examination
38
How to treat testicular degeneration
Shear ram, provide cool conditions
39
How does ovine brucellosis affect sheep
The bacteria enter body though any mucous membrane -> local lymph node -> bacteraemia -> epididymis and accessory sex gland
40
How do sheep get ovine brucellosis
Venereal disease from infected semen - Via the ewe's vagina, joining a ewe that has recently been served by infected ram - Ewes do not carry infection for long - do not carry infection from year to year Homosexual activity - Intranasal infection when rams sniff the vulva of ewes to detect those in oestrus - Can also occur when infected ewes have recently lambed and are excreting organisms in the vaginal discharge
41
What are the clinical signs of ovine brucellosis
- Initially soft swelling in the tail of epididymis, may form granulomas or develop into abscesses-> epididymis is enlarged and hard - Ram shows no sign of sickness - Semen quality from infected rams may vary from aspermia to apparently normal - Can be present in a flock for many years without being detected - Sooner detected when small number of rams or low ram/ewe ratio
42
How to diagnose ovine brucellosis
1. History 2. Clinical examination - testicular palpation (tail epididymis) 3. Blood serology 4. Culture semen 5. Microscopic examination fo semen 6. Histopathology/bacteriology of genital tract
43
Is there a treatment for ovine brucellosis
No
44
How is ovine brucellosis eradicated
1. Test and slaughter 2. Total replacement 3. Two flock system
45
How to prevent ovine brucellosis
- Buy rates from accredited brucellosis-free stock - Do not buy rams from sale yards or clearing sales - Do not borrow, lend, share rams - maintain secure boundary fences
46
How does test and slaughter work
- All rams are palpated and blood tested -> all rams with lesions and/or positive blood test are slaughtered - The remaining rams are re-tested at 3-4 weekly intervals until.a clear test is obtained
47
How does total replacement work
Selling all rams and replacing them with brucellosis-free rams
48
How does the two flock system work
Buy new rams and separate the, from infected ram flock. Infected ram flocks get smaller as rams get cast for age
49
What sort of bacteria is Actinobacillus seminis/Histophilus sommi
gram -ve
50
Where is Actinobacillus seminis/Histophilus sommi seen
Young rams following puberty
51
What are the clinical signs of Actinobacillus seminis/Histophilus sommi
May shoe systemic symptoms in association with acute epididymitis Granuloma epididymis; atrophy testicle and flabby
52
What is Phyto-oestrogens know as
Clover disease
53
When does phyto-oestrogens occur
Occurs in medium to high rainfall areas of Australia, which grazing cultivars of subterranean clover and red clover with high formonentin content
54
What does photo-oestrogens cause
Temporary infertility - When ewes are mashed on green osteogenic clover - The cervical mucous increases in volume and becomes very watery - impairs sperm transport through cervix - Fertility returns to normal within a few weeks of removal from the pasture Permanent infertility -When ewes graze oestrogen clover pastures over consecutive years - Permanent changes to epithelia of cervix and uterus - Permanently reduced infertility
55
What is the major sign of clover disease
Decreased lambing %

Small Ruminants Medicine and Production (6 decks)

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