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Epidemiology > Lecture 4- analytical studies > Flashcards

Lecture 4- analytical studies Flashcards

1
Q

what are analytical studies

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2
Q

are analytical studies based on population data

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3
Q

what 2 types Can analytical studies be

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4
Q

what are observational studies and what are the 2 categories involved

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5
Q

what is a case control study

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6
Q

What is it important to define in case control

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7
Q

what is a distinctive feature

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8
Q

what does a case control study look like

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9
Q

what are the advantages of case control studies

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10
Q

what are the disadvantages of case control studies

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11
Q

what is bias and what are the different types

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12
Q

what is selection bias

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13
Q

What is matching controls and cases referred to as

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matching strata

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14
Q

what are the 3 purposes of matching strata

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15
Q

what is information bias

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16
Q

what is regression dilution bias (statistical)

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17
Q

what is the cohort study

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18
Q

what is the period of time for a cohort study

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19
Q

what does a cohort study look like

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20
Q

what does the study look like for low fibre effect risk for IBD

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21
Q

what are the advantages of a cohort study

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22
Q

what are the disadvantages of a cohort study

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23
Q

what does the study about high fibre diets reducing colon cancer look like and hat are its strengths and weaknesses

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24
Q

what is a randomised control trial

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25
Q

what do RCT ensure

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26
Q

what could the exposure variable be in an RCT

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27
Q

what 2 trails can an RCT be

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28
Q

what are the pros of RCT

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29
Q

what are the cons of RCT

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30
Q

what does the ability to prove causation vary with

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31
Q

what does the ability to study rare diseases vary with

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32
Q

what are the four types of ratio

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OR- odds ratio
HR- hazards ratio
IRR- incident rate ratio
RR- relative risk ratio

33
Q

what is OR

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measures the strength of association between two variables. It is commonly used in case-control studies where the odds of exposure among cases (those with the outcome) are compared to the odds of exposure among controls (those without the outcome).

34
Q

what is HR

A

measure of how often an event happens in one group compared to how often it happens in another group, over time. It is frequently used in survival analysis, particularly in studies where the time to an event (such as death) is of interest

35
Q

what is IRR

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measure of the rate at which new events occur in a population. It is often used in cohort studies where the incidence rates of an outcome in exposed and unexposed groups are compared

36
Q

what is the RR

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ratio of the risk of an outcome in one group to the risk of the outcome in another group. It is commonly used in cohort studies to measure the association between exposure and outcome

37
Q

what does it mean if OR/HR/IRR/RR = 1

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no effect of the exposure (such as fibre) on the risk of the disease (eg colorectal cancer)

38
Q

what does it mean if the ratios are greater than 1

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increasing risk

39
Q

what does it mean if the ratios are less than 1

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decreasing risk

40
Q

what does it mean if the confidence interveral (CI) covers 1

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the OR/HR/IRR/RR has no effect.
e.g OR 0.45 (0.32-0.84) exposure is decreasing risk and CI does not inlude 1.
ie OR 0.45 (0.32-1.84) exposure is not decreasing risk as the CI inludes 1.

41
Q

What is the double blind RCT known as

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The gold standard- shows cause and effect

42
Q

what epidemiology only show

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correlation

43
Q

what is the case

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someone with a disease- we always need to know what the disease is

44
Q

what are controls

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are healthy but have similar characteristics e.g age and sex match

45
Q

what does a quintile mean

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cutting a group into 5 things

46
Q

what do we look into for the true value

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relative risk, odds ratio, hazards ratio

47
Q

what is recall bias

A

peoples past lifestyle

48
Q

what is info bias

A

interviewee inaccurately remembers things

49
Q

what is interviewer bias

A

interviwers asks questions differently to the 2 populations

50
Q

what are the strongest studies

A

cohort studies - stronger than case control studies

Epidemiology (12 decks)

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