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Imin 200 > Lecture 4 - Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Hematopoietic Stem Cell differentiation

A

Stem cell in bone marrow that differentiates to:
— Myeloid Progenitor Cells (which mostly differentiate to innate immunity cells)
— Lymphoid Progenitor Cells (which mostly differentiate to adaptive immunity cells)

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2
Q

Myeloid Progenitor Cell differentiation

A

— RBCs
— Platelets
— Neutrophils - innate immunity
— Eosinophils - innate immunity
— Basophils - innate immunity
— Monocytes - innate immunity

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3
Q

Monocyte differentiation

A

— Dendritic cells
— Macrophages

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4
Q

Lymphoid Progenitor Cell differentiation

A

— T Lymphocyte - adaptive immunity
— B Lymphocyte - adaptive immunity
— Natural Killer Cells - innate immunity

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5
Q

T Lymphocyte differentiation

A

— Helper cells
— Regulatory cells
— Cytotoxic cells

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6
Q

B Lymphocyte differentiation

A

— Plasma cell to detect antibodies

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7
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Immune response mediated by B and T lymphocytes (B cell/ T cell) to infectious agents and noninfectious molecules

Responses are generated in response to antigens

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8
Q

Innate vs Adaptive immunity

A

Innate:
- Detects common microbial
structures
- Receptors are encoded in the
germline
- Same response upon repeat
exposure

Adaptive:
- Detects vast repertoire of
molecules
- Receptors generated by somatic
recombination
- Improved “adapted” response to
repeat exposure

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9
Q

Antigen (Ag)

A

A molecule, typically from a pathogen, that is recognized by an antibody

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10
Q

Types of Antigens recognized by B cells

A
  1. Proteins
  2. Lipopolysaccharides
  3. Lipids
  4. Nucleic acids
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11
Q

Types of Antigens recognized by T cells

A

Peptides derived from Proteins

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12
Q

T Lymphocytes (T Cells)

A

Adaptive immunity cells that require antigen presentation by dedicated antigen presenting cells (APC)

T cells require co-receptors to assist antigen recognition

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13
Q

Antigen Presenting Cells (APC)

A

Cells that present antigens that can be recognized by T cells

Reside in potential sites of Microbe entry (skin, G.I. tract, respiratory tract, etc.). APCs capture, process and present antigens to T lymphocytes in peripheral lymphoid tissues

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14
Q

TCR

A

T Cell Receptor

A single TCR recognizes a single presented antigen

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15
Q

B Lymphocytes (B Cells)

A

Adaptive immunity cells with BCRs that directly recognize its cognate antigen

There are millions of B cells each with a unique BCR

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16
Q

Two forms of Adaptive Immunity

A
  1. Humoral Immunity
  2. Cellular Immunity
17
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

Type of adaptive immunity

Directed against extracellular microbes and mediated by B lymphocytes.

B lymphocytes secrete antibodies that neutralize and eliminate microbes and microbial toxins

— Microbe: extracellular microbes
— Responding lymphocytes: B lymphocyte
— Functions: block infections and eliminate extracellular microbes

18
Q

Cellular Immunity

A

Type of adaptive immunity

Directed against intracellular microbes and mediated by T lymphocytes.

T lymphocytes activate phagocytes and lymphocytes or kill infected host cells

— Microbe: phagocytosed or intracellular microbes
— Responding lymphocytes: helper or cytolytic T lymphocytes
— Functions: activate macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes or kill infected cells and eliminate reservoirs of infection

19
Q

Phases of the Immune Response

A
  1. Recognition: Naïve lymphocytes recognize corresponding antigen
  2. Activation: Lymphocytes differentiate and start clonal expansion
  3. Effector phase. Differentiated lymphocytes initiate microbial elimination
  4. Decline: After microbial elimination the
    signal for lymphocyte activation disappears.
    Most of the cells activated by antigen die by a process of programmed cell death (apoptosis)
  5. Memory: The remaining cells are memory
    lymphocytes, which may survive for months or years
20
Q

Two signals for activation

A

Signal 1: Antigen receptor binds antigen
Signal 2: Microbial or innate immune signals

21
Q

BCR

A

B Cell Receptor

Recognizes a distinct microbial 3-dimensional structure

Each recognize a limited number of antigens

22
Q

Clonal expansion

A

When a BCR or TCR detects antigen the B cell or T cell undergoes multiple rounds of cell division, thereby expanding. Each daughter is identical to the parent cell, i.e. a clone

23
Q

The Memory Phase

A

Prior exposure to one antigen results in stronger responses to subsequent challenges with the same antigen

24
Q

Naïve B cell

A

A B cell that has never previously
encountered its target structure

The BCR is restricted to the plasma membrane of the B cell

Activated by antigens and other “second” signals

25
Q

B cell activation

A

Results in their proliferation (clonal expansion) and differentiation into effector cells that actively secrete antibodies.

BCR production is now modified so that the BCR is secreted as an antibody

26
Q

Antibody (Ab)

A

A secreted BCR from B cells that recognize antigens

Released into circulation and mucosal
fluids by B cells upon infection
Neutralizes microbes and microbial toxins
Stops microbes from gaining access to or
colonizing host cells.

Does NOT have access to intracellular microbes

27
Q

CD4+ helper T cells

A

They detect antigens presented by professional Antigen Presenting Cells

They secrete cytokines to activate other components of the immune response (Macrophages, B cells etc.)

28
Q

CD8+ cytolytic T cells

A

They detect microbial antigens presented by all nucleated cells and destroy the presenting cell

29
Q

The Lymphatic System

A

A network that transports fluids from tissues through lymph nodes and then to the circulatory system.

Excess interstitial fluid is collected by the lymphatic system and is processed by lymph nodes, then deposited into the circulatory system.

Unlike the circulatory system, the lymphatic system is not closed and has no central pump

30
Q

Lymphatic System Processes

A
  1. Some APCs drain from peripheral tissues into lymph nodes.
  2. T lymphocytes enter lymph nodes.
  3. APCs activate T Lymphocytes
  4. Lymphocytes exit lymph nodes and enter circulation, then exit circulation into inflamed tissue where they mediate microbial destruction
31
Q

Lymph node

A

A secondary lymphoid organ with regions that are rich in certain cell types

Components:
- Afferent lymphatic vessels (for entry)
- Cortex (B cell rich)
- Paracortex (T cell and DC rich)
- Medulla
- Efferent lymphatic vessel (for exit)

Imin 200 (10 decks)

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