Lecture 1 - Overview

Question 1

General Types of Pathogens

Answer 1

Virus
Fungus
Parasite
Bacterium

Question 2

Immune memory

Answer 2

Successful immunity. Memory through antibodies

Question 3

Smallpox

Answer 3

caused by the pox virus Variola major
Immunization through variolation using the scabs

Question 4

Variolation

Answer 4

Using the dried and powdered infected scabs of different viruses (eg smallpox) and blowing them into the nasal cavity for immunization

Question 5

Cow pox

Answer 5

Similar to smallpox but far less deadly. Variolation with cowpox allows for immunization for smallpox but with no mortalities

Question 6

Cow pox

Answer 6

Similar to smallpox but far less deadly. Variolation with cowpox allows for immunization for smallpox but with no mortality

Question 7

Vaccine types

Answer 7

Attenuated – living (but weak) virus (e.g. cow pox)

Inactivated – killed whole pathogen

Subunit – parts or components of pathogen

Question 8

Vaccination risks

Answer 8

Anaphylaxis (allergic response)

Vaccine quality or handling errors

Question 9

Anaphylaxis

Answer 9

A severe type of allergic reaction that involves two or more body systems (eg hives and difficulty breathing)

Question 10

R0

Answer 10

Number of new infections caused by each infected person

Reproduction ratio (without vaccination)
=transmissibility
R0 < 1 – not an epidemic – infection will die out in the population
R0 > 1 – (epidemic) infection will spread in a susceptible host population

Question 11

R0 < 1

Answer 11

not an epidemic – infection will die out in the population

Question 12

R0 > 1

Answer 12

(epidemic) infection will spread in a susceptible host population

Question 13

Heard immunity

Answer 13

the proportion of a population that needs to be immune to prevent pathogen spread (achieve by infection or vaccination)

Based on R0

Proportion to vaccinate = 1 – 1/R0

The more easily transmitted the pathogen, the higher the population
proportion that needs to be immunized to prevent spread

Question 14

Physical & chemical barriers

Answer 14

Enzymes, mucus, sweat, skin, coughing, anti-microbial peptides in all surface fluids, acid in gut, microbial flora, etc.

Question 15

Mucus

Answer 15

Thin, permeable barriers that line the GI, respiratory and genitourinary tracts

Necessary for gas exchange, food absorption, and reproduction

Has goblet cells and ciliary escalators cells

Question 16

Goblet cells

Answer 16

secrete mucus – traps microbes

Question 17

Ciliary escalator

Answer 17

Ciliated epithelial cells in trachea and nasopharynx. Cilia push bacterial cells back up

Bacteria trapped by mucous and coughed out or swallowed and killed by stomach acid

Question 18

Microbial antagonism

Answer 18

normal flora inhibits colonization by pathogenic microorganisms through:
- Occupation of habitat
- Competition for resources

Question 19

Chemical barriers

Answer 19

enzymes that can degrade microbial cell walls, found in
saliva and Anti-microbial peptides (AMPs)

Question 20

AMP

Answer 20

Anti-Microbial Peptide

Question 21

alpha defensin

Answer 21

Human AMPs found in paneth cells of intestines and cytoplasmic granules of neutrophils

Question 22

beta defensin

Answer 22

Human AMPs found in epithelia

Question 23

Cathelicidins

Answer 23

Human and bovine AMPs

Question 24

Lymph

Answer 24

yellow fluid that surrounds all tissues

Question 25

lymphocytes

Answer 25

Cells that live in the lymph node or spleen that screen “captured” pathogens to see if they recognize them

Question 26

Spleen

Answer 26

has lymphocytes and screen the blood

Question 27

Lymph node

Answer 27

part of the lymphatic system that host lymphocytes and screens the bodies tissues