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Athletic Injuries > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three essential phases of healing?

A

Inflammatory, Proliferation(fibroblastic repair) and remodeling(maturation

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2
Q

How long is the inflammatory phase?

A

5 days

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3
Q

How long is the proliferation phase?

A

up to 21 days

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4
Q

How long is the remodeling phase?

A

up to one year

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5
Q

What should happen during the inflammatory phase?

A

stabalize and contain injured area

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6
Q

What should happen during the proliferation phase?

A

dispose of dead tissues and restores circulation

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7
Q

What should happen during the remodeling phase?

A

stabalize and reestablish the area

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8
Q

What is the immune response to an injury?

A

response to foreign body, release of antibodies and response is specific to antigen/invader

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9
Q

What is the inflammation response to an injury?

A

used to protect,used to localize, used to rid injurious agent and prepares for healing and repair

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10
Q

What is acute inflammation?

A

short onset and duration, change in hemodynamics, production of exudate and granular leukocytes

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11
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

long onset and duration, presence of non-granular leukocytes and extensive scar tissue

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12
Q

What are 5 signs of inflammation?

A

redness, swelling/edema, pain, heat and loss o function

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13
Q

What is the purpose of inflammation?

A

Protect, localize, decrease injurious agents and prepare for healing and repair

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14
Q

How can you control swelling?

A

R.I.C.E

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15
Q

What does R.I.C.E.S stand for?

A

Rest, ice, compression and Elevate and stabalization

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16
Q

Why do we use ice?

A

to reduce the risk the secondary hypoxic injury,

cold=less metabolism=less need for oxygen=less hypoxic damage

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17
Q

Why does cold decrease the need for oxygen and nutrients?

A

slower metabolism

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18
Q

what is margination?

A

neutrophils and macrophages line up against cell wall

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19
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

neutrophyls, macrocytes and leukocytes that ingest micro-organisms, damaged cells and/or foreign particals

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20
Q

What is Diapedesis?

A

movement of WBC out of small arterial vessels

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21
Q

What is Exudate?

A

accumulation of fluid that penetrates cell wall into extravascular space

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22
Q

What is Vasoconstriction?

A

decrease in diamete of blood vessels

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23
Q

What are the 8 phases of inflammation?

A 
Injury
Ultrastructural changes
Metabolic (hypoxic) changes
Activation of chemical mediators
Hemodynamic changes
Permeability changes
Leukocyte migration
Phagocytosis
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24
Q

In what hour of the Inflammatory response phase does the following happen: Vasoconstriction and coagulation occur to seal blood vessels and chemical mediators are released
Immediately followed by vasodilation of blood vessel

A

First hour

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25
Q

Decreased blood flow, increase in blood viscosity, edema and release of chemical mediators happens in what hour of what phase

A

second hour of inflammatory response phase

26
Q

How do clots help the healing process?

A

obstruct lympathic system and localize injury

27
Q

In what phase does Scar tissue form?

A

Fibroblastic(proliferation) phase

28
Q

What happens during the Maturation phase?

A

realignment of collagen, increased strength, tissue will start to look normal

29
Q

When does chronic inflammation occur

A

When acute inflammatory reponse does not eliminate injurious agent

30
Q

Overuse, overload and cumulative micro trauma are associated with which type of Inflammation?

A

Chronic

31
Q

What factors impede healing?

A

extent of injury, edema/swelling,hemorrhage, poor vascular suuply, muscle spasm, Atrophy, Smoking, infection, humidity/climate, health, age, smoking and nurition

32
Q

What are four types of tissue?

A

Muscle, Connective, Epithelial and nerve tissue

33
Q

What is Metaplasia?

A

transformation from one tissue to another that is not normal

34
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

abnormal development of tissue

35
Q

What is Hyperplasia?

A

excessive proliferation of normal tissue in normal cells

36
Q

What is Atrophy?

A

decrease in size of tissue due to cell death and reabsorbtion or decreased cell proliferatione

37
Q

What is Hypertrophy?

A

increased size of tissue without increase in the number of cells

38
Q

What has more chronic injuries than acute?

A

Tendons

39
Q

What is the rate of healing for a nerve?

A

3-4mm per day

40
Q

What are four things that can modify healing?

A

Therapuetic exercise, electric modalities, drug utilization and thermal modalities

41
Q

What does electric modalities treat?

A

Inflammation

42
Q

What are some different types of modalities?

A

electrical stimulation, microwave, ultra sound

43
Q

What are 5 stages of acute fracture healing?

A

hematoma formation, cellular proliferation, callus proliferation, ossification and remodeling

44
Q

In what cavity does a hemotoma develop in the first 48 hours of bone healing?

A

Medullary

45
Q

What is a soft callus?

A

random network of woven bone

46
Q

What fills calluses to immobilize the site?

A

Osteoblasts

47
Q

When does hard callus formation begin and for how long?

A

begins 3-4 weeks and last 3-4 months

48
Q

When is ossification complete?

A

When the bone has been laid down and excess callus has been resbsorbed by osteoclasts.

49
Q

What are 3 things that interfere with bone healing?

A

Poor blood supply, infection and poor immobilization

50
Q

What are 3 sites for poor blood supply?

A

head of femur, navicular of wrist and talus

51
Q

Stress fractures result from what?

A

cyclic forces, axial compression and tension from muscle pulling

52
Q

What are 4 pain sources?

A

Cutaneous, deep somatic, visceral and psychogenic

53
Q

What is cutaneous pain?

A

sharp, bright and burning with fast and slow onset

54
Q

What is deep somatic pain?

A

originates in tendons, muscles, joints, periosteum and blood vessels

55
Q

What is visceral pain?

A

begins in organs, may diffuse and then be localized

56
Q

What is psychogenic pain?

A

emotional pain rather than physical pain

57
Q

What is the difference in acute pain and Chronic pain?

A

Acute lasts less than six months, Chronic is longer

58
Q

pain which occurs away from the site of injury is?

A

Referred pain

59
Q

myofascial, sclelotomic and dermatomic are all what type of pain?

A

Referred Pain

60
Q

What are two ways to control pain?

A

Modalities, pharamaceutical agents

Athletic Injuries (2 decks)

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