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INF > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are microbes?

A

Everywhere.

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2
Q

What is infectivity?

A

Ability of microbe to establish itself on the host or within the host.

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3
Q

What is virulence?

A

Capacity of the microbes ability to do damage to the host.

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4
Q

What is the immune system?

A

Cells and organs (i.e. spleen) that contribute to immune defences against infectious and non-infectious (e.g.cancer) conditions. (self vs non-self)

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5
Q

Why is the spleen important?

A

-organ that reacts to blood bourne pathogens (T/B cells)

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6
Q

How does the immune system recognise the pathogen?

A

Pathogen recognition: Cell surface/ soluble receptors

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7
Q

What is the main role of the immune system?

A

Contain/eliminate infection (killing/clearance mechanisms)
Remember the pathogens preventing reoccurrence
Regulate itself- minimum damage to the host (otherwise you develop autoimmune disease)

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8
Q

What are the different types of immunity?

A 
Innate (first line of defence)
-immediate protection
-fast
-lack of specificity/memory
-no change in intensity
Adaptive (microbe through innate immunity)
-slow
-specificity (recognise gram+/-, different strains of the same pathogen)
-immunologic memory
-changes in intensity
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9
Q

What are the barriers of the innate response?

A

Barriers to stop pathogen entering

  • physical barrier (skin, muscles membrane of mouth, resp/GI/urinary tract, bronchial cilia-beat, expel trapped microbes in mucous)
  • physiological barriers (diarrhoea, vomiting, coughing, sneezing)
  • chemical barriers (low pH [skin 5.5, stomach 1-3, vagina 4.4], antimicrobial molecules)
  • biological barriers (normal flora-compete with pathogens for attachment sites and resources, produce antimicrobial chemicals, synthesise vitamins)
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10
Q

Give some examples of antimicrobial molecules:

A

-IgA (tears, saliva, mucous membrane)
-Beta-defensins (epithelium)
-gastric acid
-

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11
Q

Where are normal flora found?

A

Non pathogenic microbes (if in correct place-not in tissues/organs)

  • nasopharyx
  • mouth/throat
  • skin
  • GI tract
  • vagina (lactobacillus)
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12
Q

Give some examples of normal flora that inhabit the skin/nasopharynx:

A

Skin

  • staphylococcus aureus (cellulitis)
  • staphylococcus epidermidis
  • streptococcus pyogenes
  • candida albicans (
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13
Q

When is normal flora displaced?

A 
Breaching of skin integrity
-skin loss (burns)
-surgery
-IV line
-skin diseases
-injection drug users
-tattoo/piercing 
Feta-oral route
-foodbourne infection
Poor dental hygiene
-dental extraction
-gingivitis 
-brushing/flossing
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14
Q

What are some high risk patients?

A
  • asplenic patient (no spleen)
  • patients with damaged or prosthetic valves
  • patients with previous endocarditis
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15
Q

Give some examples of auto immune disease:

A
  • diabetes
  • AIDS
  • malignant diseases
  • chemotherapy (mucositits- inflammation of muscosal membrane )
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16
Q

How is Normal flora depleted in muscosal surfaces by antibiotic therapy?

A

Vagina: thrush (candida

17
Q

What are exogenous and endogenous microbes?

A

Exogenous

Endogenous - already on the body

18
Q

What are the main phagocytes?

A
  • macrophages
  • neutrophils
  • monocytes (precursor or macrophages)
19
Q

What are the key cells of innate immunity?

A
  • basophils/mast cells
  • eosinophils
  • Natural killer cells (viral infection)
  • dendritic cells
20
Q

What are PAMP’s?

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (pathogen recognition)

(Phagocytes contain PRR’s:pathogen recognition receptors)

21
Q

What are some gram+/- types of bacteria?

A

+ peptidoglycan

+lipo

22
Q

What is opsonin receptor?

A

Sticky molecule that binds to microbe.
-phagocytes have opsonin receptors so can now bind

When they bind it signals the phagocyte to kill the microbe
(Macrophages produce cytokines which signal the liver to make CRP)

23
Q

Why is the spleen good at clearing encapsulated bacteria?

A

….

24
Q

What is the process of phagocytosis?

A

H

25
Q

What are the 2 phagocyte intracellular killing mechanisms ?

A

Oxygen dependent

26
Q

What are the complement pathways?

A

Alternative

MBL

27
Q

What cytokines are produced by macrophages when they sense the pathogen/microbe?

A

TNF alpha
IL-1
IL-6

28
Q

What are some clinical problems when phagocytosis is reduced?

A

Decreased spleen function

Decreased neutrophil

29
Q

What 3 factors determine the outcome of the host pathogen relationship?

A
  • infectivity
  • virulence
  • host’s immune response
30
Q

What categories of people have immune deficiency?

A
  • children

- elderly

31
Q

What is an infectious disease?

A

When the pathogen suceeds in evading/overwhelming the host’s immune defences

INF (8 decks)

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