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Embryo > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the division on the somite of where the brain and spinal cord are formed?

A

between the 4th and 5th somite

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2
Q

Everything about the 4th somite is what?

A

Brain

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3
Q

Below the 4th somite

A

Spinal cord

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4
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

Everything that leaves the CNS.

Ganglia, cranial nerves, enteric plexus and sensory receptors

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5
Q

Divisions of the PNS

A
  1. Somatic (controls voluntary movements; motor and sensory)

2. Autonomic (involuntary; motor and sensory as well)

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6
Q

Ex. Nerves in the somatic NS

A
  1. Greater occipital N
  2. Ulnar nerve
  3. Median nerve
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7
Q

MOTOR components of the Autonomic NS

A

The SYMPATHETIC and PARASYMPATHETIC NS are both motor components of the autonomic nervous system.

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8
Q

Is the autonomic NS voluntary and involuntary?

A

involuntary.

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9
Q

What is grey matter?

A

Grey matter is a collection of unmyelinated CB and neurons. Grey matter is made up of 3 parts:

  1. Dorsal horns (sensory information).
  2. Lateral horns (autonomic information)
  3. Anterior horns (motor information)
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10
Q

Dorsal horns

A

Dorsal horns are located in grey matter. They hold the CB of sensory neurons

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11
Q

Lateral horns

A

Lateral horns are located in grey matter. They hold the CB of autonomic neurons.

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12
Q

Anterior horns

A

Anterior horns are located in grey matter. They hold the CB of motor neurons.

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13
Q

We only see lateral horns that hold autonomic neurons where?

A

T1-L2

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14
Q

What is white matter?

A

white matter is made up of mylenated axons that are stored in three areas:

  1. Dorsal funiculus (sensory pathway)
  2. Lateral funiculus (sensory and motor pathways)
  3. Anterior funiculus (primarily motor pathways)
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15
Q

What is the structure of the neural tube?

A

The neural tube will be made up of 2 plates separated by the sulcus limitans:

  1. Alar plate
  2. Basilar plate

The neural tube also has a central canal called a neural canal.

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16
Q

What is the alar plate?

A

The alar plate will contains CNS sensory neurons

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17
Q

What is the basilar plate?

A

The basilar plate will contain CNS motor neurons.

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18
Q

Zones of the spinal cord

A

The spinal cord will have 3 zones

  1. Ventricular zone (located directly next to the central canal)
  2. Intermediate zone
  3. Marginal zone

====VIM=====

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19
Q

What does the intermediate zone make?

A

Grey matter

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20
Q

What does the marginal zone make?

A

white matter

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21
Q

What cells are found in the ventricular zone of the spinal cord?

A

In the ventricular zone, we find stem cells. Stem cells can either migrate to the intermediate zone create cells that stay in the ventricular zone of the spinal cord.

Ependymoblasts are found here and can make

  1. Ependymal cells
  2. Choroid plexus cells, which make CSF
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22
Q

What cells are made in the intermediate zone?

A

Grey matter- neurons and glial cells

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23
Q

What cells are made in the marginal zone

A

Marginal is white matter

So axons and oligodendrocytes

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24
Q

Cells of the nervous system that are from the neuroectoderm (specially the neural tube)

A
  1. Ependyma
  2. Epithelium of choroid plexus
  3. Oligodendrocytes
  4. Astrocytes
  5. Axons
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25
Q

Cells from the NS from MESODERM

A

Mesenchymal cells and microglial cells

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26
Q

Development of the spinal cord

A

During development (in utero), the spinal cord and the vertebral column are the same length.

However, by the time of birth, the vertebral column is bigger because it has grown faster and the spinal cord extends roots to form the cauda equina.

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27
Q

If you wanted to give a newborn a lumbar puncture, where would it be at?

A

L3/L4 because their spinal cord ends at L2/L3.

28
Q

Adult spinal cord will end where?

A

L1/L2.

29
Q

How do we form the spinal cord?

A

In order to create our spinal cord; we have to begin with our neural tube.

Our neural tube must have a dorsal (sensory) end and a ventral (motor) end as a precursor for our spinal cord.

This is created by a concentration gradient of BMP and SHH.

High levels of BMP= + PAX 3 and PAX 7= cause the formation of our alar plate (location of sensory neurons)

High levels of SHH= +NXK2.2 and NKX 6.1= formation of our basilar plate (location of motor neurons)

30
Q

How do we create our ventral motor neurons to go into our basilar plate?

A

Slightly decrease levels of SHH and slightly increase levels of BMP.

31
Q

Formation of the spinal cord is the formation of what?

A

CNS.

So yay. We just made our CNS!

32
Q

What cells are going to form the PNS?

A
  1. Neural crest cells

2. Ectodermal placode

33
Q

Cells that develop from the neural tube are

A
  1. motor neurons

2. pre-ganglionic autnomic neurons

34
Q

Cells the develop from neural crest cells are what?

A

Sensory neurons and ganglia,
schwaan cells
Sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia

35
Q

What are dorsal roots and where do they come from?

A

Hold sensory information

neural crest cells

36
Q

What are ventral root neurons and where do they come from

A

transfer motor infomation

neuroectoderm

37
Q

What are spinal nerves and where do they come from

A

Sensory nerves and motor nerves. It depends

Sensory= neural crest

Motor= neuroectoderm

38
Q

What are dorsal ramus
where do they go
What are they derived from

A

Dorsal rami are a mix of motor and spinal nerves that send infornation from the TRUE back muscles and the skin.

They are derived from the epimere.

39
Q

What are the ventral ramus

Where do they go

What are they derived from

A

Ventral rami are a mix of motor and spinal nerves that innervate muscles of the hypomere.

Motor and sensory info go to limbs, lateral and ventral body wall.

40
Q

What are efferent neurons

A

carry signals away from your brain–> muscle to carry out motor movements

41
Q

What are afferent neurons

A

Sensory neurons that carry info to your spine

42
Q

General somatic efferent neurons

Where are they derived from

A

motor neurons that carry information to somatic muscles (from somites)

From neuroectoderm

43
Q

General visceral efferent neurons

Where are they derived from

A

motor neurons that carry information to smooh muscle, cardiac and glands

Derived from neuroectoderm

44
Q

Special visceral efferent neurons

Where are they derived from

A

motor neurons that send information to muscles derived from pharyngeal arches

From neuroectoderm

45
Q

General somatic neurons

A

Sensory neurons that send info to your spine from skin (integuins), joint capsule, tendon, muscle

From neural crest

46
Q

Anything derived from the ectoderm will be innervated by what?

A

General somatic afferent

47
Q

Skin will be innervated by what?

A

General somatic afferent

48
Q

General visceral afferent neurons

Where are they derived from

A

Sensory neurons that send info from visceral organs to your brain.

From neural crest

49
Q

Your GI system will be innervated by what?

A

General visceral afferent

50
Q

Anything derived from the endoderm will be inervated by what?

A

GVA (general visceral afferent)

51
Q

special somatic afferent neurons

A

sensory neurons that are responsible for

hearing
balance
sight

52
Q

special visceral afferent neurons

A

sensory neurons responsible for taste and smell

53
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Involuntary.
has a motor and sensory component.
Parasympathetic (rest and digest)
Sympathetic (fight or flight)

54
Q

What does the autonomic NS innvervate?

A

smooth muscle,
cardiac
glands

55
Q

What is the ANS pathway like?

A

pre and post ganglionic neuron (innervates with pre in a autonomic ganglia)

56
Q

Somatic NS pathway neurons

A

Consist of a afferent (sensory neurons) and efferent (motor neuron.

57
Q

Autonomic NS pathway

A

Consists of 2 neurons in a row: pre-ganglionic has its CB in the grey matter of spinal cord or brain

Post ganglionic neurons synapses with the pre-ganglionic in a autonomic ganglion

58
Q

Ganglia and post ganglionic neurons are from where>

A

Neural crest cells

because they are outside of the CNS, in the PNS.

59
Q

Preganglionic cells are from where

A

Neuroectoderm

because they originate in the brain or spinal cord

60
Q

Arrangement of neurons in the sympathetic NS

A

Spinal cord in the thoraco-lumbar region (T1-L2)

Sympathetic pre-ganglionic neuron goes from [spinal cord–> symapthetic ganglion]
Pre-ganglionic is SHORT and MYELINATED

Sympathetic post-ganglionic neuron goes from [sympathetic ganglia to viscera organ]
Post-ganglionic is LONG and NOT MYELNATED

61
Q

Where are Sympathetic neurons found

A

Spinal cord in the thoraco-lumbar region (T1-L2)

62
Q

Where are parasympathetic neurons found?

A
  1. Cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10 in the cranial region

2. 2nd-4th sacral spinal nerves (GVE)

63
Q

Arrangement of neurons in the parasympathetic

A

Preganglionic is LONG and MYELINATED

Postganglionic are SHORT and UNMYELENATED

64
Q

Where are parasympathetic ganglia located?

A

Walls of the viscera

cranial nerves in head and neck

65
Q

Where are the ganglia of 2-4 sacral spinal nerves located?

A

Pelvic wall

66
Q

Where is BMP released from?

A

Roof plate and surface ectoderm

67
Q

Where is SHH released from?

A

Notochord and floor plate

Embryo (5 decks)

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