Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Embryo > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Will our notochord last forever?

A

No.

When our vertebral bodies begin to form, our notochord will degenerate and create the nucleus pulposus of our intervertebral discs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is another name for our neuroectoderm?

A

Neural plate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does our neuroectoderm give rise to?

A
  1. Neural tube

2. Neural crest cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does our neural tube create?

A
  1. CNS (brain and spinal cord)
  2. Retina
  3. Pineal gland
  4. Posterior pituitary

CRPP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Acronym for what does our neuroectoderm give rise to?

A

CRiPP (CRPP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Neural crest cells will create what?

A
  1. dentin and enamel
  2. Sensory neurons and their ganglia (spinal ganglia aka DRG and autonomic ganglia)
  3. Endocrine cells like chromaffin and C-cells
  4. Cranial ganglia of CN 5, 7, 9, 10
  5. Cartlidge and bones of the face
  6. Pigment cells
  7. Supporting cells (satellite, schwann)
  8. Walls of large arteries from aortic arches : aorticpumonary septations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Problems with neural crest cells are called __________.

A

Neurochristopathies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Hirschsprung’s disease?

A

Hirschsprung’s disease is a neurochristopathy that occurs when the ANS does not innervate the colon. As a result, infant cannot deficate, causing the colon to expand.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Aorticpulmonary septations defects of the heart are caused by what?

A

Problems with neural crest cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cleft lip and cleft palate are caused by what?

A

Problems with neural crest cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is DiGeorge Syndrome?

A

DiGeorge syndrome is a thyroid deficiency.

It is caused by problems with neural crest cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Dental anomalies caused by defects in dentin and enamel are caused by what?

A

Problems with neural crest cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a neuroblastoma?

A

Neuroblastoma is a tumor in the adrenal medulla and/or autonomic ganglia caused by a problem with neural crest cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Albinism is caused by what?

A

Problems with neural crest cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why do spina bifida problems occur?

A

Spina bifida problems occur because the caudal neuropore of the neural tube failed to close at the appropriate time (day 28).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 4 spina bifida problems?

A
  1. Spina bifida occulta
  2. Meningocele
  3. Meningomylocele
  4. Myelocele (myelocshisis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A

Spina bifida occulta occurs because the caudal neuropore fails to close at the appropriate time.

Caudal neuropre closes, but the vertebral arches do not close all of the way.

Patients can fx normally and have tufts of hair on the area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the open-neural tube defects called?

A
  1. Meningocele
  2. Meningomyelocele
  3. Myelocele (myeloschisis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Meningocele

A

Meningocele occurs due to failure of the caudal neuropore to close on time. As a result, the vertebral arches DID NOT FORM.

Thus, we a cyst filled with CSF, surrounded by the dura mater forms.

Neural tube does NOT protrude into the cyst.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Meningo- means

A

meninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Myelo- means

A

spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cele- means

A

cyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Meningomyelocele

A

Meningomyelocele is caused by failure of the caudal neuropore to close on time (day 27).

As a result, a cyst filled with CSF and covered by the dura mater forms on the back. The neural tube protrudes into the cyst.

Patients here will have spinal cord issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Myelocele (myeloschis)

A

Neural tube did not close at all and the spinal cord is open and exposed.

This must be surgically removed, otherwise the child will have an open wound that is susceptible to infection.

Child WILL have sensory and motor deficits.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is alpha-fetal protein?

A

Alpha-fetal protein (AFP) is a protein made by the fetus.

When the child has an open-neural tube defect, AFP will be released into amniotic fluid and the moms blood.

To check for levels of AFP, we can take a venous puncture moms blood and confirm with an amniocentesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which disorders do we see elevated levels of AFP?

A

The open-neural tube conditions

  1. Meningocele
  2. Meningomyelocele
  3. Myelocele (Myeloschisis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

If a baby comes in with elevated levels of AFP, can we guess that they have spina bifida occulta?

A

No. They will one one of the three other neural tube defects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What dietary nutrient can we give to prevent neural tube defects?

A

Folate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What defects occur when there is a failure of the ROSTRAL neuropore of the neural tube to close on time (day 25)?

A

AEE

  1. Anencephaly
  2. Encephalocele (with brain tissue)
  3. Encephalocele (without brain tissue)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Anencephaly

A

Anencephaly is caused by the failure of the ROSTAL neuropore of the neural tube to close on time.

As a result, the child will have an open skull. They are missing the neocortex of the brain and do not have calavera (bony covering of the skull).

Because of this, they’re at risk for infection and do not live long.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Encephalocele

A

Encephalocele can occur with or without brain tissue incorporated into the disk. If it is not incorporated into the disk, patients can be normal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are meninges?

A

Meninges are the 3 layers that surround the brain and spinal cord. (DAP)
DAP goes from outside–> in

  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid space
  3. Pia mater
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What creates the meninges?

A

Meninx Primativa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Our meninx primitiva is made from what kind of cells?

A
  1. Sclerotome of the paraxial mesoderm

2. Neural crest cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the arrangement of the meninx primitiva?

A

The meninx primitiva is divided into 2 cell types

  1. Pachymeninx (made from sclerotome of the paraxial mesoderm).
    Pachymeninx will give dura mater
  2. Leptomeninges (made from neural crest cells)
    Will give rise arachnoid space and pia mater
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What germ layer did the dura mater come from?

A

Mesoderm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What part of the paraxial mesoderm was the dura derived from?

A

Sclerotome

38
Q

What structure did the dura mater DIRECTLY rise from?

A

Pachymeninx

39
Q

What structure did the arachnoid space directly rise from?

A

Leptomeninges

40
Q

What structure did the pia mater directly arise from?

A

Leptomeninges

41
Q

What structures does the endoderm give rise to?

A
  1. Glands
  2. Tonsils
  3. Pharynx
  4. Organs of the GI
  5. Bladder
  6. Parts of the lungs and trachea
42
Q

Types of ectoderm

A
  1. Surface ectoderm
  2. Neuroectoderm
    A. Neural crest cells
    B. Neural tube
43
Q

What structures does surface ectoderm give rise to?

A

Things that made us look pretty.

  1. Epidermis of the skin
  2. Hair
  3. Nails
  4. Sweat glands
  5. Anterior pituitary
  6. Mammary glands
  7. internal ear
  8. Lens of the eye
44
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm give rise to?

A

The three types of somites.
1. Myotome (will create ALL skeletal muscles; except the constrictor and dilator of the pupilae)

  1. Sclerotome (will create the axial skeleton)
  2. Dermatome (will create the dermis of the skin)
45
Q

Can our somites be divided into halves?

A

Yes. Our somites can be divided into a ventromedial (VM) half and a dorsolateral (DL) half.

46
Q

VM half of the somite gives rise to what?

A
  1. Sclerotome
47
Q

DL half of the somite gives rise to what?

A
  1. Myotome
  2. Dermatome

Are you on the DL?
DM me.

48
Q

Cells of the ______ migrate around the notochord and the neural tube.

A

Sclerotome.

49
Q

What gives rise to the spinal cord?

A

Neural tube

50
Q

Our vertebrae is made from what?

A

Sclerotome of the mesoderm

51
Q

How are bones made from the sclerotome of the mesoderm?

A

Sclerotome of the mesoderm will create mesenchyme.
Bone is made in two different processes:
1. Intramembranous ossification: mesenchyme–> bone
2. Endochondral ossification: mesenchyme–> hyaline cartilage–> bone

52
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A

An embryonic connective tissue.

53
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Intramembranous ossification is the creation of bone from mesenchyme (which forms from sclerotome).

54
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Endochondral ossification is the creation of bone from [mesenchyme–> hyaline cartilidge–> bone]

55
Q

Intramembranous ossification creates what bones?

A

Flat bones of the face and skull

56
Q

Endochondral ossification creates what?

A

Every other bone in the body

57
Q

How is hyaline cartilage made?

A

Hyaline cartilage is made from

[chondrification centers–> prechondrocytes–>chondroblasts–> chondrocytes]

58
Q

In the formation of our vertebral column (bone), what happens?

A

Our sclerotome is made up of a [cephalic loose and caudal dense part]

Each sclerotome has its assx myotome, which will give rise to the muscle.

  1. [Caudal dense] will down down from the adjacent sclerotome to the [cephalic loose] of the one below and they will fuse to form a vertebrae.
  2. Spinal cord will then give rise to motor neurons, which will then innervate muscles
59
Q

When does the formation of the vertebral column start?

A

End of week 3, beginning of week 4.

60
Q

What part of our mature vertebrae is the cephalic loose?

A

Bottom half of the vertebral base

61
Q

Intervertebral disks are going to be made up of what?

A
  1. Nucleus pulposus

2. Annulus fibrosus

62
Q

Nucleus pulposus is made from?

A

Remnants of the notocord

63
Q

What is anulus fibrosus?

A

The fibrocartilage located around the nucleus pulposus.

64
Q

Anulus Fibrosus is made from what?

A

Scleretome of the paraxial MESODERM

65
Q

What are ribs?

A

SCLEROTOME that grows out of the costal processes of the thoracic vertebrae.

66
Q

What is costal cartilage derived from?

A

Sclerotome.

67
Q

Stenum is derived from what?

A

Somatic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm.

68
Q

Abnormalities that can occur in the formation of ribs and sternum?

A
  1. Cervical ribs
  2. Pigeon chest (pectus carinatum)
  3. Funnel chest (pectus excavatum)
69
Q

Cervical ribs can cause what?

A

Thoracic outlet syndrome.

In these cases, the extra cervical ribs can compress the [brachial plexus & subclavian artery], causing nerve and motor damage.

70
Q

Pectus carinatum

A

Pectus carinatum–> pigeon chest

Protrusion of the chest that develops in the [somatic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm; because STERNUM].

Boys more affected

71
Q

Pectus excavatum

A

Pectus excavatum–> funnel chest

There is a depression at the sternum. This is clinically significant because it can compress the heart and shift it more to the L.

Patients may have SOB, excercise intolerance

72
Q

Which is clinically significant: pectus carinatum, pectus excavatum or cervical ribs.

A
  1. Cervical ribs

2. Pectus excavatum

73
Q

What are hox genes?

A

Hox genes create the cranial and caudal axis. If they are expressed (or not expressed) in areas that they should not be, problems can occur.

74
Q

What happens if there is a gain of fx of Hox genes?

A
  1. Caudilization will occur. Area they are expressed in will start to look like those below.
75
Q

What happens if cervical area begins to express Hox 6 (usually located in thoracic)?

A

Cervical ribs will start to look like ones below (thoracic)

76
Q

What happens if there is a loss of function of Hox genes?

A

Cranialization will occur. They will start to look like the vertebrae above.

77
Q

What happens if we lose Hox 4 in the cervical vertebrae (C2,3,4)?

A

Cranialization.

They will begin to look like C1

78
Q

What happens if thoracic region begins to express Hox 10 (usually found in the lumbar)

A

Gain of function
Caudilization

Look like lumbar regions

79
Q

LOF of Hox 5

A

Cranialization

80
Q

LOF of Hox 9 will cause what?

A

floating ribs

81
Q

Myotome can be divided into what?

A

2 areas.

  1. Epimere
  2. Hypomere
82
Q

Creation of muscle

A

Muscle is created by myotome of peraxial mesoderm.

Myotome is divided into two areas: Epimere and hypomere.

Epimere will give rise to epaxial muscles (INTRINSIC muscles of the back)
I: dorsal rami

Hypomere will give rise to hypaxial muscles (every other skeletal muscle except the constrictor and dilator of the pupilae)
I: ventral rami

83
Q

There are 4 different hypaxial divisions:

A
  1. Cervical myotomes
  2. Thoracic myotomes
  3. Lumbar myotomes
  4. Sacrococcygeal myotomes
84
Q

Cervical myotomes (hypaxial muscles) form what?

A
  1. Scalene m
  2. Prevertebral m
  3. Geniohyoid m.
  4. Infrahyoid m.

Some perverts give illhead.

85
Q

Thoracic myotomes (hypaxial muscles) form what?

A
  1. Lateral and ventral flexor muscles
86
Q

Lumbar myotome (hypaxial muscles) form what?

A
  1. Quadratus lumborum
87
Q

Sacrococcygeal myotome (from hypaxial muscles) form what?

A

Muscles of the pelvic diaphragm

88
Q

What is Poland Syndrome

A

Poland syndrome causes the pec major to not form because cells from the hypomere do not migrate to it.

Ass. with syndactlyly
Individ. can be missing 2-4 ribs.

89
Q

Does Poland Syndrome cause clinical problems?

A

No. Only problems are aesthetic.

90
Q

What is Prune Belly Syndrome?

A

Prune-belly syndrome occurs when there is partial or complete absence of abdominal muscles (so skin looks pruny) because cells from the hypomere did not migrate.

Assx with:

  1. Cryptochidism (failure of one or both testes to drop)
  2. Malformation of urinary tract and bladder
91
Q

What gender is commonly affected for Prune Belly?

A

M

Embryo (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions