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Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Will our notochord last forever?

A

No.

When our vertebral bodies begin to form, our notochord will degenerate and create the nucleus pulposus of our intervertebral discs.

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2
Q

What is another name for our neuroectoderm?

A

Neural plate.

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3
Q

What does our neuroectoderm give rise to?

A
  1. Neural tube

2. Neural crest cells

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4
Q

What does our neural tube create?

A
  1. CNS (brain and spinal cord)
  2. Retina
  3. Pineal gland
  4. Posterior pituitary

CRPP

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5
Q

Acronym for what does our neuroectoderm give rise to?

A

CRiPP (CRPP)

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6
Q

Neural crest cells will create what?

A
  1. dentin and enamel
  2. Sensory neurons and their ganglia (spinal ganglia aka DRG and autonomic ganglia)
  3. Endocrine cells like chromaffin and C-cells
  4. Cranial ganglia of CN 5, 7, 9, 10
  5. Cartlidge and bones of the face
  6. Pigment cells
  7. Supporting cells (satellite, schwann)
  8. Walls of large arteries from aortic arches : aorticpumonary septations
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7
Q

Problems with neural crest cells are called __________.

A

Neurochristopathies

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8
Q

What is Hirschsprung’s disease?

A

Hirschsprung’s disease is a neurochristopathy that occurs when the ANS does not innervate the colon. As a result, infant cannot deficate, causing the colon to expand.

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9
Q

Aorticpulmonary septations defects of the heart are caused by what?

A

Problems with neural crest cells

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10
Q

Cleft lip and cleft palate are caused by what?

A

Problems with neural crest cells.

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11
Q

What is DiGeorge Syndrome?

A

DiGeorge syndrome is a thyroid deficiency.

It is caused by problems with neural crest cells.

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12
Q

Dental anomalies caused by defects in dentin and enamel are caused by what?

A

Problems with neural crest cells

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13
Q

What is a neuroblastoma?

A

Neuroblastoma is a tumor in the adrenal medulla and/or autonomic ganglia caused by a problem with neural crest cells.

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14
Q

Albinism is caused by what?

A

Problems with neural crest cells.

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15
Q

Why do spina bifida problems occur?

A

Spina bifida problems occur because the caudal neuropore of the neural tube failed to close at the appropriate time (day 28).

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16
Q

What are the 4 spina bifida problems?

A
  1. Spina bifida occulta
  2. Meningocele
  3. Meningomylocele
  4. Myelocele (myelocshisis)
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17
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A

Spina bifida occulta occurs because the caudal neuropore fails to close at the appropriate time.

Caudal neuropre closes, but the vertebral arches do not close all of the way.

Patients can fx normally and have tufts of hair on the area.

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18
Q

What are the open-neural tube defects called?

A
  1. Meningocele
  2. Meningomyelocele
  3. Myelocele (myeloschisis)
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19
Q

Meningocele

A

Meningocele occurs due to failure of the caudal neuropore to close on time. As a result, the vertebral arches DID NOT FORM.

Thus, we a cyst filled with CSF, surrounded by the dura mater forms.

Neural tube does NOT protrude into the cyst.

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20
Q

Meningo- means

A

meninges

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21
Q

Myelo- means

A

spinal cord

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22
Q

Cele- means

A

cyst

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23
Q

Meningomyelocele

A

Meningomyelocele is caused by failure of the caudal neuropore to close on time (day 27).

As a result, a cyst filled with CSF and covered by the dura mater forms on the back. The neural tube protrudes into the cyst.

Patients here will have spinal cord issues

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24
Q

Myelocele (myeloschis)

A

Neural tube did not close at all and the spinal cord is open and exposed.

This must be surgically removed, otherwise the child will have an open wound that is susceptible to infection.

Child WILL have sensory and motor deficits.

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25
What is alpha-fetal protein?
Alpha-fetal protein (AFP) is a protein made by the fetus. When the child has an open-neural tube defect, AFP will be released into amniotic fluid and the moms blood. To check for levels of AFP, we can take a venous puncture moms blood and confirm with an amniocentesis.
26
Which disorders do we see elevated levels of AFP?
The open-neural tube conditions 1. Meningocele 2. Meningomyelocele 3. Myelocele (Myeloschisis)
27
If a baby comes in with elevated levels of AFP, can we guess that they have spina bifida occulta?
No. They will one one of the three other neural tube defects.
28
What dietary nutrient can we give to prevent neural tube defects?
Folate
29
What defects occur when there is a failure of the ROSTRAL neuropore of the neural tube to close on time (day 25)?
AEE 1. Anencephaly 2. Encephalocele (with brain tissue) 3. Encephalocele (without brain tissue)
30
Anencephaly
Anencephaly is caused by the failure of the ROSTAL neuropore of the neural tube to close on time. As a result, the child will have an open skull. They are missing the neocortex of the brain and do not have calavera (bony covering of the skull). Because of this, they're at risk for infection and do not live long.
31
Encephalocele
Encephalocele can occur with or without brain tissue incorporated into the disk. If it is not incorporated into the disk, patients can be normal.
32
What are meninges?
Meninges are the 3 layers that surround the brain and spinal cord. (DAP) DAP goes from outside--> in 1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid space 3. Pia mater
33
What creates the meninges?
Meninx Primativa
34
Our meninx primitiva is made from what kind of cells?
1. Sclerotome of the paraxial mesoderm | 2. Neural crest cells
35
What is the arrangement of the meninx primitiva?
The meninx primitiva is divided into 2 cell types 1. Pachymeninx (made from sclerotome of the paraxial mesoderm). Pachymeninx will give dura mater 2. Leptomeninges (made from neural crest cells) Will give rise arachnoid space and pia mater
36
What germ layer did the dura mater come from?
Mesoderm.
37
What part of the paraxial mesoderm was the dura derived from?
Sclerotome
38
What structure did the dura mater DIRECTLY rise from?
Pachymeninx
39
What structure did the arachnoid space directly rise from?
Leptomeninges
40
What structure did the pia mater directly arise from?
Leptomeninges
41
What structures does the endoderm give rise to?
1. Glands 2. Tonsils 3. Pharynx 4. Organs of the GI 5. Bladder 6. Parts of the lungs and trachea
42
Types of ectoderm
1. Surface ectoderm 2. Neuroectoderm A. Neural crest cells B. Neural tube
43
What structures does surface ectoderm give rise to?
Things that made us look pretty. 1. Epidermis of the skin 2. Hair 3. Nails 4. Sweat glands 5. Anterior pituitary 6. Mammary glands 7. internal ear 8. Lens of the eye
44
What does the paraxial mesoderm give rise to?
The three types of somites. 1. Myotome (will create ALL skeletal muscles; except the constrictor and dilator of the pupilae) 2. Sclerotome (will create the axial skeleton) 3. Dermatome (will create the dermis of the skin)
45
Can our somites be divided into halves?
Yes. Our somites can be divided into a ventromedial (VM) half and a dorsolateral (DL) half.
46
VM half of the somite gives rise to what?
1. Sclerotome
47
DL half of the somite gives rise to what?
1. Myotome 2. Dermatome Are you on the DL? DM me.
48
Cells of the ______ migrate around the notochord and the neural tube.
Sclerotome.
49
What gives rise to the spinal cord?
Neural tube
50
Our vertebrae is made from what?
Sclerotome of the mesoderm
51
How are bones made from the sclerotome of the mesoderm?
Sclerotome of the mesoderm will create mesenchyme. Bone is made in two different processes: 1. Intramembranous ossification: mesenchyme--> bone 2. Endochondral ossification: mesenchyme--> hyaline cartilage--> bone
52
What is mesenchyme?
An embryonic connective tissue.
53
Intramembranous ossification
Intramembranous ossification is the creation of bone from mesenchyme (which forms from sclerotome).
54
Endochondral ossification
Endochondral ossification is the creation of bone from [mesenchyme--> hyaline cartilidge--> bone]
55
Intramembranous ossification creates what bones?
Flat bones of the face and skull
56
Endochondral ossification creates what?
Every other bone in the body
57
How is hyaline cartilage made?
Hyaline cartilage is made from [chondrification centers--> prechondrocytes-->chondroblasts--> chondrocytes]
58
In the formation of our vertebral column (bone), what happens?
Our sclerotome is made up of a [cephalic loose and caudal dense part] Each sclerotome has its assx myotome, which will give rise to the muscle. 1. [Caudal dense] will down down from the adjacent sclerotome to the [cephalic loose] of the one below and they will fuse to form a vertebrae. 2. Spinal cord will then give rise to motor neurons, which will then innervate muscles
59
When does the formation of the vertebral column start?
End of week 3, beginning of week 4.
60
What part of our mature vertebrae is the cephalic loose?
Bottom half of the vertebral base
61
Intervertebral disks are going to be made up of what?
1. Nucleus pulposus | 2. Annulus fibrosus
62
Nucleus pulposus is made from?
Remnants of the notocord
63
What is anulus fibrosus?
The fibrocartilage located around the nucleus pulposus.
64
Anulus Fibrosus is made from what?
Scleretome of the paraxial MESODERM
65
What are ribs?
SCLEROTOME that grows out of the costal processes of the thoracic vertebrae.
66
What is costal cartilage derived from?
Sclerotome.
67
Stenum is derived from what?
Somatic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm.
68
Abnormalities that can occur in the formation of ribs and sternum?
1. Cervical ribs 2. Pigeon chest (pectus carinatum) 3. Funnel chest (pectus excavatum)
69
Cervical ribs can cause what?
Thoracic outlet syndrome. In these cases, the extra cervical ribs can compress the [brachial plexus & subclavian artery], causing nerve and motor damage.
70
Pectus carinatum
Pectus carinatum--> pigeon chest Protrusion of the chest that develops in the [somatic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm; because STERNUM]. Boys more affected
71
Pectus excavatum
Pectus excavatum--> funnel chest There is a depression at the sternum. This is clinically significant because it can compress the heart and shift it more to the L. Patients may have SOB, excercise intolerance
72
Which is clinically significant: pectus carinatum, pectus excavatum or cervical ribs.
1. Cervical ribs | 2. Pectus excavatum
73
What are hox genes?
Hox genes create the cranial and caudal axis. If they are expressed (or not expressed) in areas that they should not be, problems can occur.
74
What happens if there is a gain of fx of Hox genes?
1. Caudilization will occur. Area they are expressed in will start to look like those below.
75
What happens if cervical area begins to express Hox 6 (usually located in thoracic)?
Cervical ribs will start to look like ones below (thoracic)
76
What happens if there is a loss of function of Hox genes?
Cranialization will occur. They will start to look like the vertebrae above.
77
What happens if we lose Hox 4 in the cervical vertebrae (C2,3,4)?
Cranialization. They will begin to look like C1
78
What happens if thoracic region begins to express Hox 10 (usually found in the lumbar)
Gain of function Caudilization Look like lumbar regions
79
LOF of Hox 5
Cranialization
80
LOF of Hox 9 will cause what?
floating ribs
81
Myotome can be divided into what?
2 areas. 1. Epimere 2. Hypomere
82
Creation of muscle
Muscle is created by myotome of peraxial mesoderm. Myotome is divided into two areas: Epimere and hypomere. Epimere will give rise to epaxial muscles (INTRINSIC muscles of the back) I: dorsal rami Hypomere will give rise to hypaxial muscles (every other skeletal muscle except the constrictor and dilator of the pupilae) I: ventral rami
83
There are 4 different hypaxial divisions:
1. Cervical myotomes 2. Thoracic myotomes 3. Lumbar myotomes 4. Sacrococcygeal myotomes
84
Cervical myotomes (hypaxial muscles) form what?
1. Scalene m 2. Prevertebral m 3. Geniohyoid m. 4. Infrahyoid m. Some perverts give illhead.
85
Thoracic myotomes (hypaxial muscles) form what?
1. Lateral and ventral flexor muscles
86
Lumbar myotome (hypaxial muscles) form what?
1. Quadratus lumborum
87
Sacrococcygeal myotome (from hypaxial muscles) form what?
Muscles of the pelvic diaphragm
88
What is Poland Syndrome
Poland syndrome causes the pec major to not form because cells from the hypomere do not migrate to it. Ass. with syndactlyly Individ. can be missing 2-4 ribs.
89
Does Poland Syndrome cause clinical problems?
No. Only problems are aesthetic.
90
What is Prune Belly Syndrome?
Prune-belly syndrome occurs when there is partial or complete absence of abdominal muscles (so skin looks pruny) because cells from the hypomere did not migrate. Assx with: 1. Cryptochidism (failure of one or both testes to drop) 2. Malformation of urinary tract and bladder
91
What gender is commonly affected for Prune Belly?
M

Embryo (5 decks)

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