Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geo of Hazards > Lecture #4 > Flashcards

Lecture #4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 patterns of choice?

A
  1. Absorb
  2. Accept
  3. Reduce
  4. Change
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does absorb mean in terms of patterns of choice?

A

View the risk as unproblematic/deny it

  • probability deemed too low to worry
  • Fate determined by capacity to absorb losses
  • -Ex: San andreas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does accept mean in terms of patterns of choice?

A

Awareness of the hazard (no denial)

  • Passive attitude: there is little that can be done
  • Hazard are often view as an act of god
  • -Ex: Nigeria drought
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does reduce mean in terms of patterns of choice?

A

There is awareness of the hazard

  • action is taken to reduce impacts
  • reactive response and some prep
  • usually people stay in place
  • -Ex: flooding events, snow+wind related hazards
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does change mean in terms of patterns of choice?

A

There is awareness of the hazard

  • Radical action may be taken
  • most active response
  • -Ex: Ausrtalian drought
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are Evocative Hazards?

A

Hazards that are not likely to be serious but typically evoke much public reaction
-Ex: Pesticides (increase in awareness of the potential impacts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are Banal Hazards?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the amplification of risk?

A

Involves hazards that have a low probability as assessed by experts
-elicit strong public concern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the attenuation of risk?

A

Involves hazards that have have serious physical impact and a relatively higher probability
-elicit weak public concern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 3 steps in both the amplification and attenuation of risk?

A
  1. Transmitter
  2. Signal
  3. Receiver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the Transmitter do?

A

Generates and sends the message about the risk

-aka media outlets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the Signal do?

A

It is the message itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the Receiver do?

A

Its the target audience for mediate signals

-Original signal may be considerable modified by the time it is received

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is stigmatization in relation to hazards?

A

Negative images/thought are ascribed to places, technology or people
-Ex: Love canal chemical spill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Are impacts of hazards felt in just one place?

A

No, impacts can spread like ripples and often eaten well beyond the local area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are secondary impacts?

A

Property values and insurance rates may change in response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 5 theories that attempt to explain why some people feel that some technologies are a major concern while others are not?

A
  1. knowledge
  2. Personality
  3. economic
  4. Political
  5. Cultural
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the hypothesis for the Knowledge theory?

A

Greater knowledge of fatality data leads to a greater perceived threat from the technology
-Tested by education and self reported knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the hypothesis for the Personality theory?

A

there is consistency between the personality type and the perceived threat from technological hazards
-Tested by questionnaires

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the hypothesis for the Economic theory?

A

The healthy are more willing to take risks with technology because they may benefit more or have better access
-Tested based on annual income

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the hypothesis of the Political theory?

A

Personal views toward risk are related to the political party (and policies) the people support.
-Tested by determining the political ideology of the subjects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the hypothesis of the Cultural theory?

A

The world view is correlated to how the person perceives risk
-Tested by the persons world views

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 3 types of world views?

A

Hierarchical
Egalitarian
Individualist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the Hierarchal worldview?

A

Defines boundaries between superiors and subordinates

-Older people think this way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the Egalitarian worldview?

A

Centres on political solutions to inequality

-conflict can be alleviated with a more equal distribution of resources

26
Q

What is the Individualism worldview?

A

Emphasizes personal freedom and choice

-Continued economic growth and private profit are keys to quality of life

27
Q

Which of the 5 theories proved to have some significance?

A

The cultural theory was found t be the best explanation for how people perceived the risk

28
Q

What is one conflict between worldview and social conflict?

A

Global warming

  • environmentalist believe in it
  • economic growth advocates doubt GW
29
Q

Landslide definition

A

Downslope movements of rock or sediment as a result of gravity
-rapid movement

30
Q

What are the 4 classifications of landslides?

A
  • mechanism of movement
  • Type of material
  • amount of water present
  • speed of movement
31
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of movement?

A

Fall: Rock or sediment dropping off the face of a cliff
Slide: downslope movement along a discrete failure plane
Flow: Movement of particles semi-independently of one another

32
Q

Rock fall definition

A

Mass movement is caused by a fall mechanism

-involves rock rolling down a steep slope or falling through the air

33
Q

Slump fall definition

A

Mass movement is caused by a slide mechanism

- the failure plane is curved upward

34
Q

Creep fall definition

A

Mass movement is caused by a flow mechanism

-Speed of movement ranges from a few millimetre to a metre annually

35
Q

What are the 2 forces that affect the stability of a slop?

A

Driving force and Resisting force

36
Q

Driving force definition

A

These move material downslope they are based on the weight of material from vegetation and water

37
Q

Resisting force definition

A

These oppose downslope movement, they are based on the shear strength of the material

38
Q

Whats the ratio between the resisting and the driving force

A

When the ratio is over 1, the slope is stable

When the ratio is under one 1 the slope is unstable

39
Q

What is the equation for the factor safety?

A

Factor safety=RF/DV

40
Q

What factors in terms of material type increase the risk of landslides?

A

The degree of consilidation

Presence of weakness planes

41
Q

Where are slumps most common?

A

In unconsolidated sediment

-they are rational slides

42
Q

When do transnational slides occur?

A

Where sediment overlays bedrock

-failure plane is at the boundary between soil and the bedrock

43
Q

What happens to the driving ors when you have a steep slope?

A

The driving force increases

44
Q

What are steep slopes associated with?

A

Rock falls

45
Q

What are Moderate slopes associated with??

A

flows

46
Q

What are gentle slopes associated with?

A

creeps

47
Q

What is the topographic relief?

A

Height of a hill or mountain above the land around it

-difference between height and base of the object

48
Q

What climates are rock falls more common in?

A

Dry climates

49
Q

What climate are flows and creeps more likely?

A

Humid climates

50
Q

How can dense vegetation slow surface erosion?

A
  • Roots add strength and cohesion to the slope
  • Hold soil in place
  • therefore deforestation can increase the frequency of landslides
51
Q

How does water influence the likelihood of flows?

A

water can cause slumps to occur

-can erode the base of a slope and decreasing the resisting force

52
Q

Which regions are at risk of rock falls, creeps and flows?

A

Any region with a variation of topography

-urban development, deforestation dn climate change increase the risk

53
Q

What is Canada’s best known landslide?

A

The Frank Slide

  • 1903
  • Frank, Alberta
  • Killed 76 people
  • Created a lake
  • Cause unknown
  • Blocked highways and railroads
54
Q

How many people per year in NA are killed by landslides?

A

30

55
Q

What are the natural service functions of landslides?

A
  • Development of new habitats in forests and aquatic ecosystems
  • Increase in biodiversity
  • Transport sediment with valuable minerals
56
Q

What are the 2 leading human causes for the increase in landslides?

A
  • harvesting timber

- urbanization

57
Q

What is timer harvesting ?

A

clear cutting and the construction of logging roads can cause landslide in geologically unstable areas
-lack of surface vegetation can increase erosion

58
Q

What are some features of unstable slopes?

A
  • cracks in hillside
  • large boulders or talus at cliff base
  • tilted trees
  • exposed bedrock
59
Q

What are 3 methods to prevent landslides?

A
  1. Drainage control
  2. Levelling the slope
  3. Slope Support
60
Q

What are tilt meters?

A

Instruments used to detect movement along a slope

  • measures small changes from the horizontal level
  • measures angle of the slope relative to the horizontal angle

Geo of Hazards (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions