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BIOL 110 > lecture 4/5 > Flashcards

lecture 4/5 Flashcards

1
Q

macromolecules are

A

polymers

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2
Q

polymers:

A

large molecules composed of multiple subunits called monomers

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3
Q

condensation reactions:

A

links monomers together to form a polymer (a macromolecule). Produces water molecules

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4
Q

hydrolysis:

A

(water lysis): water is used as a reactant to break macromolecules

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5
Q

monomers of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides (simple sugars glucose, fructose)

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6
Q

polymers of monosaccharides

A

polysaccharides (ex starch, cellulose, glycogen)

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7
Q

primary functions of cellulose

A
  • found in plant cell walls, provides shape and function (strength and rigidity) to plant cells
  • also important to people (buildings, heat, tools, paper, clothes).
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8
Q

cellulose:

A

a polymer of B-glucose monomers held together by B-linkage

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9
Q

the monomer of cellulose

A

B - form of glucose

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10
Q

why can’t animals digest cellulose?

A

animals don’t have the digestive enzymes necessary to break B-linkage. Can’t break the cellulose polymer down into B glucose monomers to use for energy.

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11
Q

an example of endosymbiotic relationships

A

cows harbor microorganisms that do have the enzymes to break B-linkage (hydrolyze cellulose)

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12
Q

degree of branching for cellulose

A

a linear “unbranched” mole

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13
Q

function of starch/glycogen

A

storage molecules for alpha glucose (energy storage)

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14
Q

starch/glycogen:

A

polymers of alpha glucose monomers

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15
Q

what holds together starch/glycogen?

A

alpha linkages

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16
Q

what makes starch?

A

plants. it’s an energy storage molecule in plants. later broken down for energy

17
Q

what makes glycogen?

A

animals. its an energy storage molecule in animals. later broken down for energy

18
Q

degree of branching for starch

A

moderately branched

19
Q

degree of branching for glycogen

A

highly branched

20
Q

functions of proteins (5)

A
  • enzymes (speeding up reactions)
  • signaling molecules
  • signaling receptors
  • movement: motor proteins (ex flagella) movement of cells in multicellular organisms
  • structural
21
Q

monomers of proteins

A

amino acid

22
Q

how many unique amino acids are there?

A

20

23
Q

polymer of amino acids

A

proteins

24
Q

peptide bonds:

A

covalent bonds that link amino acids together

25
Q

names of the ends of the protein that aren’t covalently bound

A

amino-terminus

carboxy-terminus

26
Q

all amino acids have

A
  • at least one H
  • a carboxylic acid
  • an amino group
  • R-group
27
Q

what differentiates amino acids

A

r-group (can be 1 0f 20 different things)

28
Q

monomers of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

29
Q

polymers of nucleic acids

A

dna, rna

30
Q

function of dna

A

stores genetic information

31
Q

function of rna

A

involved in the expression of genetic info

32
Q

structure of all nucleotides

A
  • all have a 5 carbon sugar (pentose sugar)
  • 1 of 2 things attached to the #2 carbon sugar
  • phosphate group attached to #5 carbon
  • nitrogenous base
33
Q

what are the 2 different things that can be attached to a #2 carbon of a nucleotide sugar?

A
  • hydroxyl group (OH) -> RNA (ribose sugar)

- deoxyribose (H) ->DNA (deoxyribose sugar)

34
Q

what does deoxyribose mean?

A

w/o oxygen

35
Q

how many nitrogenous bases does DNA and RNA have (both have them separately)

A

4

36
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

holds the nucleotides together

37
Q

what holds the 2 phosphate backbones of DNA

A

hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases

38
Q

structure of DNA

A

double stranded, 2 phosphate backbones

39
Q

structure of RNA

A

single stranded, 1 phosphate backbone

BIOL 110 (4 decks)

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