lecture 4/5 Flashcards
macromolecules are
polymers
polymers:
large molecules composed of multiple subunits called monomers
condensation reactions:
links monomers together to form a polymer (a macromolecule). Produces water molecules
hydrolysis:
(water lysis): water is used as a reactant to break macromolecules
monomers of carbohydrates
monosaccharides (simple sugars glucose, fructose)
polymers of monosaccharides
polysaccharides (ex starch, cellulose, glycogen)
primary functions of cellulose
- found in plant cell walls, provides shape and function (strength and rigidity) to plant cells
- also important to people (buildings, heat, tools, paper, clothes).
cellulose:
a polymer of B-glucose monomers held together by B-linkage
the monomer of cellulose
B - form of glucose
why can’t animals digest cellulose?
animals don’t have the digestive enzymes necessary to break B-linkage. Can’t break the cellulose polymer down into B glucose monomers to use for energy.
an example of endosymbiotic relationships
cows harbor microorganisms that do have the enzymes to break B-linkage (hydrolyze cellulose)
degree of branching for cellulose
a linear “unbranched” mole
function of starch/glycogen
storage molecules for alpha glucose (energy storage)
starch/glycogen:
polymers of alpha glucose monomers
what holds together starch/glycogen?
alpha linkages
what makes starch?
plants. it’s an energy storage molecule in plants. later broken down for energy
what makes glycogen?
animals. its an energy storage molecule in animals. later broken down for energy
degree of branching for starch
moderately branched
degree of branching for glycogen
highly branched
functions of proteins (5)
- enzymes (speeding up reactions)
- signaling molecules
- signaling receptors
- movement: motor proteins (ex flagella) movement of cells in multicellular organisms
- structural
monomers of proteins
amino acid
how many unique amino acids are there?
20
polymer of amino acids
proteins
peptide bonds:
covalent bonds that link amino acids together
names of the ends of the protein that aren’t covalently bound
amino-terminus
carboxy-terminus
all amino acids have
- at least one H
- a carboxylic acid
- an amino group
- R-group
what differentiates amino acids
r-group (can be 1 0f 20 different things)
monomers of nucleic acids
nucleotides
polymers of nucleic acids
dna, rna
function of dna
stores genetic information
function of rna
involved in the expression of genetic info
structure of all nucleotides
- all have a 5 carbon sugar (pentose sugar)
- 1 of 2 things attached to the #2 carbon sugar
- phosphate group attached to #5 carbon
- nitrogenous base
what are the 2 different things that can be attached to a #2 carbon of a nucleotide sugar?
- hydroxyl group (OH) -> RNA (ribose sugar)
- deoxyribose (H) ->DNA (deoxyribose sugar)
what does deoxyribose mean?
w/o oxygen
how many nitrogenous bases does DNA and RNA have (both have them separately)
4
phosphodiester bond
holds the nucleotides together
what holds the 2 phosphate backbones of DNA
hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases
structure of DNA
double stranded, 2 phosphate backbones
structure of RNA
single stranded, 1 phosphate backbone
